定語從句結構功用要點解析

知識

解析定語從句的語法結構和功能用法,關鍵在於正確認識從句的關係代詞及語法功能。

一、限製性定語從句

1. 正確使用關係代詞

(1) that既可以指人,也可以指物。指人時用法同who和whom,指物時用法同which,在從句中作賓語時都可以省略。當先行詞是指人的名詞且關係代詞作主語時,who用得較多;如果關係代詞在這種情況下作的是賓語,用that或省略不用時多。

e.g. The doctor (that) she visited yesterday is famous.(指人,作賓語,可省略)

當先行詞既有人又有物時,盡可能使用that或省略,或利用就近原則處理。

e.g. They are talking about the school and the students that they visited yesterday.

(2)關係代詞作從句的主語時,從句謂語動詞的數與先行詞保持一致。如果先行詞是one of +複數名詞短語,從句謂語動詞用複數;如果是the only one of +複數名詞短語,從句謂語動詞用單數。

e.g. The study of ecology is important for everyone who cares about our world.

(3)當集體名詞指人按複數對待時,作主語的關係代詞用who /whom;當集體名詞指一個整體按單數對待時,作主語的關係代詞用which,從句的謂語動詞保持數的一致性。

e.g. A family who quarrel amongst themselves.

(4)當先行詞是非指人的all, few, little, much, any, everything, anything, _disibledevent= during /in which)

(2)“關係副詞”在“限製性定語從句”中作“狀語”時,在非正式語體中常可用that 替換,也可省去。

e.g. The factory (where /that) Tom works is near here.

(3)表“方式”的“關係副詞”不用“how”,隻用“that /in which”,或省去。

e.g. I dislike the way /manner (that /in which) he spoke to me.

(4)在先行詞是介詞賓語時,傾向於用關係副詞,而不用“介詞+ which”引導定語從句。

e.g. In the days when Santa Fe was a Spanish city, a number of Spanish families founded village in remote parts of the mountains.

(5)修飾time,moment, day, way, direction, distance, reason等名詞的定語從句常常不用關係詞,有時也可以用關係副詞that或“介詞+ which”等。