《資治通鑒》reference_book_ids\":[7077845868786764830,7077845868778359816,7078185810025008142,7077845868795153438,7255253493617789988,7077845868790942727,6883440117109754887,7220732984675011618]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":103,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":59,\"start_container_index\":103,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":54},\"quote_content\":\"《新唐書》reference_book_ids\":[6883424423005654029]}],\"96\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":96,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":137,\"start_container_index\":96,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":133},\"quote_content\":\"《尚書》reference_book_ids\":[7078185085475752973]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":96,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":133,\"start_container_index\":96,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":129},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]}],\"35\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":35,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":15,\"start_container_index\":35,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":11},\"quote_content\":\"《易經》reference_book_ids\":[7208392286533585959]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":35,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":197,\"start_container_index\":35,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":192},\"quote_content\":\"《淮南子》reference_book_ids\":[6883401921206422542]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":35,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":211,\"start_container_index\":35,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":206},\"quote_content\":\"《淮南子》reference_book_ids\":[6883401921206422542]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":35,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":197,\"start_container_index\":35,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":192},\"quote_content\":\"《淮南子》reference_book_ids\":[6883401921206422542]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":35,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":211,\"start_container_index\":35,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":206},\"quote_content\":\"《淮南子》reference_book_ids\":[6883401921206422542]}],\"14\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":14,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":54,\"start_container_index\":14,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":50},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":14,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":76,\"start_container_index\":14,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":72},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":14,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":107,\"start_container_index\":14,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":103},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":14,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":54,\"start_container_index\":14,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":50},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":14,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":76,\"start_container_index\":14,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":72},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":14,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":107,\"start_container_index\":14,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":103},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":14,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":54,\"start_container_index\":14,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":50},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":14,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":76,\"start_container_index\":14,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":72},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":14,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":107,\"start_container_index\":14,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":103},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]}],\"23\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":23,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":160,\"start_container_index\":23,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":156},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]}],\"63\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":63,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":111,\"start_container_index\":63,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":107},\"quote_content\":\"《太玄》reference_book_ids\":[7200244395218570301,6936055699268963358]}],\"30\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":30,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":43,\"start_container_index\":30,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":39},\"quote_content\":\"《尚書》reference_book_ids\":[7078185085475752973]}],\"12\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":12,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":81,\"start_container_index\":12,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":77},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]}],\"75\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":75,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":67,\"start_container_index\":75,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":63},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]}],\"99\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":99,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":192,\"start_container_index\":99,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":188},\"quote_content\":\"《史記》reference_book_ids\":[7071200596837010446,6959122730671164446,7267090239162682427,7085661452316445733,6833642850618444808]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":99,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":214,\"start_container_index\":99,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":210},\"quote_content\":\"《史記》reference_book_ids\":[7071200596837010446,6959122730671164446,7267090239162682427,7085661452316445733,6833642850618444808]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":99,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":192,\"start_container_index\":99,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":188},\"quote_content\":\"《史記》reference_book_ids\":[7071200596837010446,6959122730671164446,7267090239162682427,7085661452316445733,6833642850618444808]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":99,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":214,\"start_container_index\":99,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":210},\"quote_content\":\"《史記》reference_book_ids\":[7071200596837010446,6959122730671164446,7267090239162682427,7085661452316445733,6833642850618444808]}],\"71\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":71,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":68,\"start_container_index\":71,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":60},\"quote_content\":\"《清代學術概論》reference_book_ids\":[7234783546223627264]}],\"88\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":88,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":27,\"start_container_index\":88,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":23},\"quote_content\":\"《楚辭》reference_book_ids\":[7071200621746981896,6874386773061929992,7267077381741874233]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":88,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":22,\"start_container_index\":88,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":18},\"quote_content\":\"《詩經》reference_book_ids\":[6874386810978438151,7071200634816449549,7070438698533293070,7152079239892700197,7078185810029202446]}],\"97\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":97,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":53,\"start_container_index\":97,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":49},\"quote_content\":\"《尚書》reference_book_ids\":[7078185085475752973]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":97,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":11,\"start_container_index\":97,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":7},\"quote_content\":\"《史記》reference_book_ids\":[7071200596837010446,6959122730671164446,7267090239162682427,7085661452316445733,6833642850618444808]}],\"24\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":24,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":51,\"start_container_index\":24,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":47},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]}],\"36\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":36,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":105,\"start_container_index\":36,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":101},\"quote_content\":\"《春秋》reference_book_ids\":[7078173533162966046]}],\"98\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":98,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":36,\"start_container_index\":98,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":32},\"quote_content\":\"《論語》reference_book_ids\":[7255253493282245671]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":98,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":77,\"start_container_index\":98,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":73},\"quote_content\":\"《史記》reference_book_ids\":[7071200596837010446,6959122730671164446,7267090239162682427,7085661452316445733,6833642850618444808]}],\"31\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":31,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":191,\"start_container_index\":31,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":186},\"quote_content\":\"《後漢書》reference_book_ids\":[6867020903100713992]},{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":31,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":197,\"start_container_index\":31,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":192},\"quote_content\":\"《南北史》reference_book_ids\":[6992925677368380424]}],\"102\":[{\"annotation_type\":\"0pos_info_v2\":{\"end_container_index\":102,\"end_element_index\":0,\"end_element_offset\":71,\"start_container_index\":102,\"start_element_index\":0,\"start_element_offset\":67},\"quote_content\":\"《緒論》reference_book_ids\":[7210765949215968268]}]},\"author_speak\":\"code\":0,\"compress_status\":1,\"content\":\" 學術思想，是一個民族的靈魂。看似虛懸無薄，實則前進的方向全是受其指導。中國是一個學術發達的國家。幾千年來，學術分門別類，各致其精。如欲詳述之，將數十百萬言而不能盡。現在所講的，隻是思想轉變的大略，及其和整個文化的關係。依此講，則中國的學術思想，可分為三大時期：
（一）自上古至漢魏之際。
（二）自佛學輸入至亡清。其中又分為（甲）佛學時期，（乙）理學時期。
（三）自西學輸入以後。
現在研究先秦諸子的人，大都偏重於其哲學方麵。這個實在是錯誤的。先秦諸子的學術，有兩個來源：其（一）從古代的宗教哲學中，蛻化而出。其（二）從各個專門的官守中，孕育而成。前者偏重玄學方麵，後者偏重政治社會方麵。《漢書·藝文誌》說諸子之學，其原皆出於王官。《淮南要略》說諸子之學，皆出於救時之弊。一個說其因，一個說其緣，都不及古代的哲學。尤可見先秦諸子之學，實以政治社會方麵為重，玄學方麵為輕。此意，近人中能見得的，隻有章炳麟氏。
從古代宗教中蛻化而出的哲學思想，大致是如此的：（一）因人有男女，鳥有雌雄，獸有牝牡，自然界又有天地日月等現象，而成立陰陽的概念。（二）古代的工業，或者是分做水、火、木、金、土五類的。實際的生活影響於哲學思想，遂分物質為五行。（三）思想進步，覺得五行之說，不甚合理，乃認萬物的原質為一個，而名之曰氣。（四）至此，遂並覺陰陽兩力，還不是宇宙的根源（因為最後的總是唯一的，也隻有唯一的能算最後的）。乃再成立一個唯一的概念，是即所謂太極。（五）又知質與力並非兩物，於是所謂有無，隻是隱顯。（六）隱顯由於變動，而宇宙的根源，遂成為一種動力。（七）這種動力，是頗為機械的。一發動之後，其方向即不易改變。所以有謹小、慎始諸義。（八）自然之力，是極其偉大的。隻有隨順，不能抵抗。所以要法自然，所以貴因。（九）此種動力，其方向是循環的。所以有禍福倚伏之義，所以貴知白守黑，知雄守雌。（十）既然萬物的原質，都是一個，而又變化不已，則萬物根本隻是一物。天地亦萬物之一，所以惠施要提倡泛愛，說天地萬物一體，而物論可齊（論同倫，類也）。（十一）因萬物即是一物，所以就雜多的現象，仍可推出其總根源。所謂“窮理盡性，以至於命”。