Specific local geological, geomorphologid geostructural features induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-iy earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the ismic motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and to effects of ismiergy focalization owing to typical geometrical tting of the deposits.
Landslides and avalanches
Earthquakes, along with vere storms, volic activity, and coastal wave attack, and wildfires, produce slope instability leading to landslides, a majeological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue.
Fires
Earthquakes cau fires by damagirical power as lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also bee difficult to stop the spread of a fire o has started. For example, more deaths in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake were caud by fire than by the earthquake itlf.
Soil liquefa
Soil liquefa occurs when, becau of the shaking, water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily los its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaay cau rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. This be a devastating effect of earthquakes. For example, in the 1964 Alaska earthquake, soil liquefa caud many buildings to sink into the grouually collapsing upon themlves.
Specific local geological, geomorphologid geostructural features induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-iy earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the ismic motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and to effects of ismiergy focalization owing to typical geometrical tting of the deposits.
Landslides and avalanches
Earthquakes, along with vere storms, volic activity, and coastal wave attack, and wildfires, produce slope instability leading to landslides, a majeological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue.
Fires
Earthquakes cau fires by damagirical power as lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also bee difficult to stop the spread of a fire o has started. For example, more deaths in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake were caud by fire than by the earthquake itlf.
Soil liquefa
Soil liquefa occurs when, becau of the shaking, water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily los its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaay cau rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. This be a devastating effect of earthquakes. For example, in the 1964 Alaska earthquake, soil liquefa caud many buildings to sink into the grouually collapsing upon themlves.