r \/>x�ƌ膿adj.+adj. +n.: a prospective, observational study; a brief, businesslike way; chronic systemic diseases; possible fetal abnormalities.
adv.+adj.+n.: statistically significant interaction; significantly diminished burden.
adv.+adj.: extremely valuable; grossly abnormal results; currently common; rapidly blinking; previously diagnosed; reasonably reliable.
adv.+ adv.: currently or previously; necessarily and sufficiently; environmentally and responsibly; quickly and locally; rapidly and effectively.
[Sample 26]
There should be an increased public health awareness of differences in mental health issues between men and women. Public health interventions including education and suicide prevention efforts focused on men, especially adolescent males and young men, are needed. Mens mental health needs more attention from clinicians, researchers, and health policymakers. Medical and legal professionals and lawmakers should be better educated about the issues related to mens mental health.
[Analysis]
This academic passage contains many lexical phrases: “an increased public health awareness of differences\/\/mental health issues between men and women\/\/Public health interventions\/\/education and suicide prevention efforts focused on men\/\/adolescent males and young men\/\/Mens mental health\/\/more attention\/\/from clinicians, researchers, and health policymakers\/\/Medical and legal professionals and lawmakers\/\/educated about the issues\/\/related to mens mental health” etc.
6. Use paralleled structure (排比結構) to enrich sentential information.
[Sample 27]
A new law mandates that Medicare, Medicaid, other government health care and insurance plans, and most private plans cover COVID19 testing in the United States without copays or deductibles. COVID19 tests can be grouped as nucleic acid, serological, antigen, and ancillary tests, all of which play distinct roles in hospital, pointofcare, or largescale population testing.
[Sample 28]
The uses of serological testing include determination of previous viral exposure in the population for retrospective assessment of the efficacy of control measures, assessment of immune status for individuals, and determination of surrogates of immunity for vaccine development. Secondary end points included analyses of vaccine efficacy against rotavirus gastroenteritis of any severity, against very severe rotavirus gastroenteritis, and against gastroenteritis of any cause.
[Sample 29]
Data were excluded if the source did not record the period prevalence of diarrhea for every child in the home in the preceding 2 to 4 weeks;if the source did not include strata, primary sampling unit, and design weights for each participant; and if the source did not include geographic information that was more specific than at the national scale.
[Analysis]
Parallelism is parallel to putting the same or similar structure, the same tone, meaning related sentences or elements together, arranging a pair or series of similar related words, phrases, or sentences. Samples 27, 28 and 29 take advantage of parallelism, using parallel structure in words, phrases and sentences respectively. Parallelism at rhetorical level makes the language elaborate, the rhythm harmonious, and tones convincing.
1.4.3Suggestions for style choices
Providing learners with greater understanding of and access to valued genres is a crucial aspect of this demystification—not least because it is students from nonEnglishspeaking backgrounds who are among the most disadvantaged by lack of such access (Hyland, 2006).
L2 student writers tend to neglect writing styles or they habitually write spoken dialogues in their writing. Consequently, their writings show the feature of spoken features as “We assume that...” and “There is no doubt that...”. Academic writing needs to reflect the characteristics of formal written language, with exclusion of spoken sentences. There are three suggestions concerning style choices below.
1. Use topics (話題) as sentential subjects (句子主語).
Do not take “I\/You” as sentential subjects, as in “And at this time, you have to learn how to get well with others so that you will not be lonely and will play with your friends happily.” Do use “Mental health\/Extensive research...” as sentential subjects.
2. Do not use modal verbs.
Do not use modal verbs like “should\/must”, “may be”, “will not”, etc. in sentential construction. Do use lexical words to show modality (情態) like “be expected”, “be possible”, “be reluctant”, “tend to”, etc.
3. Do not take use of Band 4 or 6 essay samples from the Internet.
Do not take use of Band 4 or 6 essay samples from the Internet. Make frequent reference to native writings especially classical essays and academic essays and research papers so as to avoid the negative transfer of Chinese language and culture.
Chapter Review
This part introduces written and spoken genres, and the lexical approach to academic English writing. The 160 most essential academic adjectives are enforced as well.The main instruction in this part is a general classification of sentence types. General suggestions regarding to style choices are finally given in this part.
1. In academic English writing, lexis takes generally two forms:
chunk models in academic English writing;
collocations of delexicalized verb models of academic English writing.
2. According to different criterion, a general classification of sentence types includes:
sentential types from construction;
sentential types from information;
sentential types from style: sentential construction in academic English writing.
Assignments
Task 1
Try to find the three features of high lexical density, high nominal style, and impersonal constructions in the following academic text (from Projected Impacts of Climate and LandUse Change on the Global Diversity of Birds).
Projected Impacts of Climate and LandUse Change on the Global Diversity of Birds
Accelerated climate change and the destruction of natural habitats through direct human activities are two of the greatest threats to terrestrial biodiversity. In recent decades, they have led to substantial range contractions and species extinctions. Even more dramatic environmental change is projected for this century. Substantial evidence emphasizes the importance of human landuse changes as a cause of species declines and extinctions. Recent studies have highlighted existing and future impacts of humaninduced climate change on species persistence and have stressed climate change as a primary concern for the setting of conservation priorities. Most of these studies have been based on data collected in the temperate
zone, where climate change is predicted to be more pronounced. To state, there
have been no global forecasts of the relative and synergistic effects of future climate change and habitat loss on vertebrate distributions. Moreover, our conceptual understanding of what makes some regions and species vulnerable to one threat or the other is still limited. We integrated the exposure of species to climate and landuse change through the combined effects of these drivers on global land cover and explored the resulting reductions in range size and possible extinctions within the worlds 8, 750 terrestrial bird species. For this first global assessment, we used the simplifying yet transparent assumption of stationary geographic ranges, which allows us to quantify risk in terms of the projected vegetation changes across a species current range. Although this assumption yields worstcase projections and a number of factors could modify the local details and timeline of our projections, we think the general picture that emerges is robust: a clear and striking geographic disjunction between the relative impacts of future habitat loss and climate change on global avian diversity. (Jetz et al., 2007)
Task 2
Analyze the following text by Weissleder et al. for its phrasal types and simple sentences.
COVID19 Diagnostics in Context
(http:\/\/stm.sciencemag.org\/20200608)
COVID19 tests can be grouped as nucleic acid, serological, antigen, and ancillary tests, all of which play distinct roles in hospital, pointofcare, or largescale population testing. Table 1 summarizes the existing and emerging tests, current at the time of writing (May 2020). A continuously updated version of this table is available at https:\/\/csb. mgh.harvard.edu\/covid. In NATs, viral RNA is reversetranscribed into DNA, which is then amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). NATs are the most widely used tests for detection of SARSCoV2 (the virus that causes COVID19) and are increasingly
run on automated platforms that take several hours to complete (4). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have recommended distinct SARSCoV2specific RNA regions for testing (viral nucleocapsid N1, N2, and human RNase P gene), primers, and reagents (5). This assay differs from the World Health Organization (WHO) assay, which targets the CoV2 RNAdependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and envelope (E) genes (6). By May 2020, more than 100 U.S. public health laboratories had completed the CDCs verification process and started offering NATs. These assays, including those from cleared commercial vendors, have high analytic sensitivity and specificity for SARSCoV2
if sample acquisition, preparation, and device operation are carried out by trained personnel.
Serological tests rely on affinity ligands to assess host response proteins [host immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, interleukins, and other host components]. Most IgG\/IgM serum tests use recombinant viral proteins or peptides harvested from Escherichia coli or human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells as capture reagents for human IgG\/IgM. These tests need to accurately distinguish past infections due to SARSCoV2 from those caused by other human coronaviruses. The uses of serological testing include determination of previous viral exposure in the population for retrospective assessment of the efficacy of control measures, assessment of immune statue for individuals, and determination of surrogates of immunity for vaccine development. Each of these uses places different constraints on diagnostics.
Most antigen tests probe for the nucleocapsid (N) or spike (S) proteins of SARSCoV2 via lateral flow or ELISA (enzymelinked immunosorbent assay) tests. These tests can be performed using nasopharyngeal swabs and take less than an hour to complete. Ancillary tests comprise a broad category of personal devices (apps and wearable sensors) and hospital laboratory tests, including blood gas analysis, coagulation tests, and indicators of cytokine storm (7) such as interleukin6 (IL6),
ferritin, granulocyte colonystimulating factor (GCSF), macrophage inflammatory protein1α (MIP1α), and tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα). These tests aid in the management of patients with COVID19.
Task 3
Try to find the paralleled features in the following academic text from Nature Ecology & Evolution (Ngonghala et al., 2017).
The worlds rural poor rely heavily on their immediate natural environment for subsistence and suffer high rates of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. We present a general framework for modeling subsistence and health of the rural poor by coupling simple dynamic models of population ecology with those for economic growth. The models show that feedbacks between the biological and economic systems can lead to a state of persistent poverty. Analyses of a wide range of specific systems under alternative assumptions show the existence of three possible regimes corresponding to a globally stable development equilibrium, a globally stable poverty equilibrium and bistability. Bistability consistently emerges as a property of generalized
diseaseeconomic systems for about a fifth of the feasible parameter space. The overall proportion of parameters leading to poverty is larger than that resulting in healthy\/wealthy development. All the systems are
found to be most sensitive to human
disease parameters. The framework highlights feedbacks, processes and parameters that are important to measure in studies of rural poverty to identify effective pathways towards sustainable development.
Task 4
Scan the QR code and read the Introduction sections of the first two SCI papers in Appendix Ⅱ, and discuss their sentence types. Consider the questions: In which context is it appropriate to use spoken and written sentences? What are the characteristics of the sentences in your study field? Are they loose or compact? Spoken or written?
Task 5
Write a paragraph or an essay relevant to your major, count the sentence types you frequently use and analyze the difference between your sentences and native ones. Then please make further suggestions concerning L2 sentence writing or sentence types.
Chapter OneLexis and Sentence Theories in Medical Academic English Writing
Chapter TwoAcademic English Paragraph Construction Methods
Chapter Two
Academic English Paragraph
Construction Methods
Leadin Questions
1. How are the paragraphs in an academic paper constructed?
2. What are the ways of constructing academic English paragraphs?
Learning Objectives
After learning this unit, you will be able to:
1. understand the structure of academic English paragraphs,
2. understand the logical order of constructing academic English paragraphs,
3. and write academic English paragraphs in an idiomatic way.
參考答案
課件申請
學術資源
2.1Introduction to the structure and logic of
academic English paragraphs
2.1.1The structure of academic English paragraphs
A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop one central idea. An effective paragraph must be unified, coherent, specific, and adequately developed. So a paragraph is a unit of thoughts. To introduce a new thought or topic, the writer has to start with a paragraph. A standard paragraph has two important components: a topic sentence, subtopic sentences and 5—7 supporting sentences, including 7—10 sentences in total as in Figure 21 below.
Figure 21The logical structure of a paragraph
[Sample 1]
Our study had several limitations. First, at the time of data collection, nucleic acid testing for the diagnosis of SARSCoV2 infection had not yet been introduced at Union Hospital, and 33 patients were therefore diagnosed clinically on the basis of WHO criteria. However, all these cases were confirmed by nucleic acid testing when kits became available later. Second, we compared imaging patterns between four groups of different time intervals from the onset of symptoms, which does not account for potential individual variations. Third, because of the short time for case collection, followup CT scans were available for only 57 patients, around 40% of whom had only two CT scans. Although we have outlined the main patterns of evolution seen on CT imaging in patients with COVID19 pneumonia, longterm radiological followup is needed to confirm our findings. Finally, as lung biopsy specimens were not available in this study, the relationship between radiological and histopathological findings remains to be investigated. Therefore, other potential causes of groundglass opacity, such as pulmonary oedema and haemorrhage, cannot be estimated. (Shi et al., 2020)
[Analysis]
The first sentence is a topic one “Our study had several limitations”. The topic sentence is supported by four subideas “nucleic acid testing not yet introduced at Union Hospital”, “not account for potential individual variations”, “followup CT scans available for only 57 patients”, and “the relationship between radiological and histopathological findings remains to be investigated”. These subtopics are further illustrated with examples and data.