注釋
前言
1. 關於立體鏡的實物樣品及使用方法，參見： Thomas R. Lyons and Thomas Eugene Avery,Remote Sensing:A Handbook for Archeologists and Cultural Resource Managers (Washington, DC: Cultural Resources Ma Division, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, 1977)。
2. TED（技術、娛樂和設計），“傳播一切值得傳播的創意”。
3. Jonas Gregorio de Souza et al., “Pre-biah-Builders Settled Along the Entire Southern Rim of the Amazon,”Nature unications,vol.9,no.1125(2018),https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41467-018-03510-7.
1 時間膠囊
1
. 關於考古遺址的構成，至今學界仍存在爭議。在這方麵，不同的國家或地區有著不同的定義。在我看來，過去任何有人類活動的地方都可以稱為遺址：從散落的石器堆到恢宏的神廟，不一而足。
2. Kareem Shaheen and Ian Black, “Beheaded Syrian Scholar Refused to Lead ISIS to Hidden Syrian Antiquities,”Guardian,19 August 2015,https:\/\/.theguardian.\/world\/2015\/aug\/18\/isis-beheads-archaeologist-syria, accessed 14 February 2018.
3. 巴爾米拉於1980年被聯合國教科文組織列為世界文化遺產。關於該遺址的保護和保存工作，參見： “Site of Palmyra,” UNESCO, https:\/\/whesc\/en\/list\/23, accessed 14 February 2018。
4. John R.Clarke,Looking at Lovemakin
g:strus of Sexuality in Roman Art,100 B.C.--A.D.250(Berkeley:Uy of California Press,1998).
5. Leonard Lesko,ed.,Pharaoh''''s Workers:The Villagers of Deir el Medina(IthaY:ell Uy Press, 1994).
6. Gregorio Oxilia et al., “Earliest Evidence of Dental Caries Manipulation ie Upper Palaeolithiature: Stific Reports, vol. 5, no. 12150 (2015), https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/srep12150.
7. Gregory Mumford,“The Uy of Toronto Tell Tebilla Project(Eastera),”Th
e Ameri Research ter i Annual Report,2001(Atlanta:Emory Uy West Campus, 2001), 26-27.
8. Dorothea Arnold,“Statues in Their Settings: Entering the Divine,”A Egypt Transformed: The Middle Kingdom, ed.Adela Oppenheim et al. (New York:Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015), 19.
9. Adel Allam et al., “puted Tomographic Assessment of Atherosclerosis in A Egyptian Mummies,”Journal of the Ameri Medical Association, vol. 302, no. 19 (2009): 2091-94, https:\/\/d\/10.
1001\/jama.2009.1641.
10. “The Two Brothers: Together in Life ah,” Maer Museum: Colles:Gallery Picks, .thestudym\/colles\/pick\/the-two-brothers\/, accessed 15 February 2018.
11. Konstantina Drosou et al., “The Kinship of Two 12th Dynasty Mummies Revealed by A DNA Sequeng,”Journal of Archaeological Sce: Reports, vol. 17 (2018): 793- 97, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.jasrep.2017.12.025.
12. Robert Ascher,“Experimental Archeology,”Ameri Anthropologist, vo
l. 63, no. 4 (1961): 793-816, https:\/\/d\/10.1525\/aa.1961.63.4.02a00070. 關於實驗考古學的前瞻性研究方法，參見： Michael Brian Schiffer et al., “New Perspectives on Experimental Archaeology: Surface Treatments and Thermal Response of the Clay Cooking Pot,”Ameri Antiquity,vol.59,no.2(1994):197-217,https:\/\/d\/10.2307\/281927。
13. Neil Peterson,“Kig Ash,Viking Glass Bead Making,”Experimental Archaeology (April 2017), https:\/\/exaret\/issue-2017-4\/ea\/kig-ash, accessed 17 February 2017.
14. Kumar Akhil
esh and Shanti Pappu, “Bits and Pieces: Lithic Waste Products as Indicators of Acheulean Behaviour at Attirampakkam,India,”Journal of Archaeological Sce:Reports,vol.4(December 2015):226-41,https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.jasrep.2015.08.045.
15. Wendy Marston,“Making a Modern Mummy,”Discazine,March 2000,disagazine.\/2000\/mar\/featmaking, accessed 17 February 2017.
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17. Hope,Egyptian Pottery,Shire Egyptology(London:Bloomsbury,2008).
18. 關於認知考古學的神奇應用，參見： Nathan Sger, “Uanding Levallois:Lithic Teology and itive Archaeology,”Cambridge Archaeological Journal,vol. 6. no. 2 (1996): 231-54, https:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S0959774300001724。
19. P.Oxy,“Letter of Heras to Theon and Sarapous,”The Oxyrhynchus Papyri(Londo Exploration Society, 2011), 76; Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Pa
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21. Gregory Mumford, “A Late Period Riverine and Maritime Port Town and Cult ter at Tell Tebilla(Ro-nefer),”Journal of A Egyptian Interes,vol.5,no.1 (2013): 38-67, https:\/\/d\/10.2458\/azu_jaei_v05i1_mumford.
22. Mohammed Effendi Chaban,“Mos recueil
lis pendant mes iions,”Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Egypte,vol.1(1910):28-30.
23. Gregory Mumford, “ing the 2001 Season at Tell Tebilla (Mendesian he Akheemple Projeewsletter,2002,1-4.
24. John Taylor,“The Third Intermediate Period(1069-664 BC),”The Oxford History of A Egypt,ed.Ian Shaw(Oxford:Oxford Uy Press,2004),330-68.
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28. Stephen Ruzicka,Trouble in the West:Egypt and the Persian Empire,525-332 BCE, Oxford Studies in Early Empire (Oxford: Oxford Uy Press, 2012).
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2 太空考古學
1. Donald B.Redford,“Mehe Oxford Encyclopedia of A Egypt,ed.Donald B. Redford, vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford Uy Press, 2001), 376-77.
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thi, Remote Sensing and Archaeology (New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan,2005);Charles F.Withingtos-1 Mss False-Color posites,”Erts-1:A New Window on Our Pla,Geological Survey Professional Paper 929,ed.Richard S. Williams Jr. and William Douglas Carter (Washington, DC: U.S. Gover Printing Office,1976),3-11.
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17. “UCS Satellite Database,” Union of ed Stists, 2
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19. Arlen F. Chase et al., “The Use of LiDAR in Uanding the A Maya Landscape:Caracol aern Belize,”Adv
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20. Arlen F.Chase and Diane Z.Chase,Iigations at the Classic Maya City of Caracol, Belize: 1985-1987, Monograph 3 (San Francisco: Pre-bian Art Researstitute, 1987).
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3 太空考古學前景
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2. Giovanni Di Bernardo et al., “A DNA and Family Relationships in a Pompeian House,”Annals of Humaics, vol. 73, no. 4 (2009): 429-37, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/j.1469-1809.2009.00520.x; Jim Shelton, “C
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8. 在美國（美國公共電視網）和英國（第四頻道）播出的《時間團隊》（Time Team）是一檔展現考古工作的優秀電視節目，其中最精彩
的一集當數《真實的維京人：時間團隊特別節目》（The Real Vikings: A Time Team Special）。蒂姆·泰勒是該係列節目的創作者和製片人，菲利普·克拉克（2010年）是執行製片人。
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12. Vésteinsson and McGovern, “The Peopling of Id.”
13. Thomas Ellwood,The Book of the Settlement of Id:Translated from the inal Idic of Ari the Learned(Kendal,Cumbria,UK:T.Wilson,1898);Orri Vésteinsso al., “The Settlement Exhibition——the Sett
lement of Id,” Reykjavik City Museum, reykjavik871.is\/, accessed 8 March 2018; John Steinberg et al., “The Viking Age Settlement Pattern of Langholt, North Id: Results of the Skagafjörður Archaeological Settlement Survey,”Journal of Field Archaeology, vol. 41, no. 4 (2016): 389-412, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/00934690.2016.1203210.
14. See “English Summary,” https:\/\/.islendingabok.is\/English.jsp, accessed 7 March 2018.
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tive,” Associated Press,18 April 2013, .cbc.ews\/business\/kissing-cousins-idic-app-warns-if-your-date-is-a-relative-1.1390256, accessed 5 March 2018.
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(US), 2016.
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21. 在公元900年左右，受重大環境變化影響，草地取代了樺樹林。參見： Orri Vésteinsson and Thomas H. McGovern,“The Peopling of Id,”Nian Archaeological Review,vol.45,no.2(2012):206-18,https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/00293652.2012.721792。
22. Orri Vésteinsso al., “The Settlement Exhibition——Aðalstræti: The Longhouse,”Reykjavik City Museum, reykjavik871.is\/, accessed 8 March 2018.
23. Steinberg et al., “Viking Age Settlement Pattern of Langholt, North Id.”
24. 冰島國內考古數據庫的名稱叫“ ísleif ”。
25. Steinberg et al., “Viking Age Settlement Pattern of Langholt, North Id.”
26. Jeroen De Reu et al., “From Low Cost UAV Survey to High Resolution Topographic Data:Developing Our Uanding of a Medieval Outport es,”Archaeological Prospe,vol.23,no.4(2016):335-46,https:\/\/d\/10.1002\/arp.1547.
27. 高差位移。參見：Thomas R.Lyons and Thomas Eugene Avery,Remote Sensing:A Handbook for Archeologists and Cultural Resource Managers (Washington, DC:Cultural Resources Ma Division, Na
tional Park Service, US Department of the Interior, 1977)。
28. Barbara E.Crawford and Beverley Ballin Smith,The Biggings,Papa Stour,Shetland:The History and Excavation of a Royal Nian Farm, Monograph Series, ed. Alexandra Shepard (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland a Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, 1999).
29. Anna Ritchie,“Great Sites: Jarlshof,”British Archaeology, vol. 69 (2003);“Jarlshof Prehistorid tlement: History,” Historiviro Scotland (2018), .histo
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30. Athos Agapiou et al., “Optimum Temporal and Spectral Window for Monit arks over Archaeological Remains in the Mediterranean Region,”Journal of Archaeological Sce, vol. 40, no. 3 (2013): 1479-92, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.jas.2012.10.036.
31. Christiy, Weighted Looms: Then and Now——Anglo-Saxon and Viking Archaeological Evidend Modern Practitioners
(PhD diss., Uy of Maer, 2014).
32. Barbara Crawford,A Progress Report of the First Season''''s Excavation at“Da Biggins,”Papa Stour,Shetland(Edinburgh:Scottish Society for Northern Studies,1978).
33. Paul Nicholson and Ian Shaw,A Egyptian Materials and Teology(Cambridge:Cambridge Uy Press, 2009).
34. Anna Linderholm et al., “Diet and Status in Birka: Stable Isotopes and Grave Goods pared,”Antiquity, vol. 82, no. 316 (2008): 446-61, https:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S0003598X000
96939.35. Crawford, Progress Report of the First Season''''s Excavation at“Da Biggins”;Barbara Crawford, A Progress Report on Excavations at“Da Biggins,”Papa Stour, Shetland, 1978 (Edinburgh:Scottish Society for Northern Studies, 1979); Jon A. Hjaltalin and Gilbert Goudie, The Orkneyinga Saga: Translated from the Idic
(Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1873). A translation of the dot be seen in Crawford and Smith,The Biggings,48.
36. Crawford,Progress Report on Excavations at“Da Biggins
.”
37. Simon Keay et al., “The al System and Tiber Delta at Portus. Assessing the Nature of Man-Made Waterways and Their Relationship with the Natural Enviro,”Water History,vol.6,no.1(2014):11-30,https:\/\/d\/10.1007\/s12685-013-0094-y.
38. Keay, “al System and Tiber Delta at Portus.”
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42. 據曆史氣象資料，8月或9月的羅馬滴雨未下。參見：.timeanddate.\/weather\/italy\/rome\/historith=9&year=2011。
43. Rosa Lasaponara and Niasini, “Dete of Archaeological arks by Using Satellite QuickBird Multispectral Imagery,”Journal of Archaeological Sce, vol
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44. Simon Keay et al., “High Resolution Spad Ground-Based Remote Sensing and Implications for Landscape Archaeology: The Case from Portus, Italy,”Journal of Archaeological Sce, vol. 52 (2014): 277-92, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.jas.2014.08.010.
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gs and America, 91; Peter Schledermann,“A.D. 1000: East Meets West,”in Fitzhugh and Ward,Vikings:The North Atlantic Saga,189;Magnus Rafnsson,“Archaeological Excavations at Qassiarsuk,2005-2006(field report),”NV nr,03-07:Náttúrustofa Vestfjarða, NABO, Grønlands Nationalmuseum ＆ Arkiv. 2007, https:\/\/d\/10.6067\/XCV86H4FRS.
9. Wahlgren,Vikings and America,26,n.21.
10. Eli Kintisch,“Why Did Greenland''''s Vikings Disappear?”Sce,10 November 2016, .scemag.\/news\/2016\/11\/why-did-greenlan
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11. Robert Kellogg,The Sagas of the Iders(New York:Penguin Books,2001).
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13. Kellogg,Sagas of the Iders.
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15. Wahlgren,Vikings and America,92.
16. Mats G. Larsson, “The Vinland Sagas and the Actual Characteristics of Eastern ada:Some parisons with Special Attention to the Accou
nts of the Later Explorers,”Vinland Revisited: The Norse World at the Turn of the First Millennium. Selected Papers from the Viking Millennium Iional Symposium, 15-24 September 2000, Newfoundland and Labrador, ed. Shannon Lewis-Simpson (St. John''''s, NL: Historic Sites Association of Newfoundland and Labrador,2003),396,fig.5,and 398.
17. Magnus Magnusson,“Vinland: The Ultimate Outpost,”in Lewis-Simpson, Vinland Revisited,94.
18. Aine Ingstad, The Norse Discovery of Amerie One:Ex
cavations of a tlement at l’Anse aux Meadows,Newfoundland 1961-1968,trans.Elizabeth S. Seeberg (Oslo: Nian Uy Press [via Oxford Uy Press], 1985);Wahlgren,Vikings and America,93.
19. Ingstad,Norse Discovery of Amerie One.
20. Charles S. Lindsay, “A Preliminary Report on the 1974 Excavations of Norse Buildings D a L’Anse aux Meadows”(unpublished report on file,Provincial Archaeology Office,federation Building,St.John''''s,NL,1975).
21. Helge Ingstad, The N
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22. Ja E. Kay, Norse in Newfoundland: A Critical Examination of Archaeological Research at the e at L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, British Archaeological Reports Iional Series 2339 (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012), 44-45, figs.3.1-5.
23. Davide Zori,
“Nails, Rivets and ch Bolts: A Case for Typological Clarity,”Archaeologia Islandica,vol.6(2007):32-47.
24. Kay,Norse in Newfoundland,44-45,figs.3.1-5;Birgitta L.Wallace,Westward Vikings:The Saga of l’Anse aux Meadows,rev.ed.(St.John''''s,NL:Historic Sites Association of Newfoundland and Labrador, 2012).
25. Kay,Norse in Newfoundland,44-45,figs.3.1-5.