銆??鈥滈櫅涓嬶紝鑰佽嚕鏁㈤棶閭ｈ嫳鍥藉ぇ鑸板嚑浣曪紵鈥濈帇鑰?湅瀹屾墜涓殑濂忔姌鍚庡浣曟ⅵ浜戣含韜棶閬撱?
銆??浣曟ⅵ浜戠湁澶翠竴閭歸亾锛氣?鎹姤閭ｈ嫳鍥芥按甯堜粎閭?綰т互涓婄殑澶ц埌灝辨湁涓?櫨澶氳墭銆傗?
銆??鈥滀粈涔堬紒榪欐?涔堜細锛熲?鐜嬭?闂昏█涓?儕銆?
銆??鍞愰槼鍦ㄤ竴杈圭瀰鐫?袱浜鴻劯鑹蹭笉瀵逛究涓婂墠涓?濂忛亾锛氣?闄涗笅锛岄毦閬撴垜澶хЕ姘村笀涓庨偅鑻卞浗姘村笀鎴樺姏鐩稿樊鎮畩寰堝ぇ鍚楋紵鈥?
銆??鈥滄槸鍟婏紝鐩稿樊浣曟鎮畩锛岀畝鐩存槸澶╁￥涔嬪埆銆備綍姊︿簯鎰熷徆閬撱?
銆??鈥滆嚕涓鴻兘澶熶負鍚涘垎蹇э紝鑷ｆ儹鎰у晩銆傗?鍚鐨囧笣鐨勬劅鍙癸紝鍞愰槼涓?劯鎯劎鐨勯亾銆?
銆??鈥滄棤濡紝榪欎篃闅炬?锛屾瘯絝熺埍鍗挎槸鏂囪嚕鍚楋紵鈥濊鍞愰槼涓?劯鎯劎鐨勮〃鎯咃紝浣曟ⅵ浜戜篃鍙兘鍔濇叞涓?笅銆?
銆??灝卞湪鍚涜嚕涓や漢鍦ㄩ偅琛ㄦ紨鐩鎬翰鐩哥埍鐨勬椂鍊欙紝涓?梺鐪嬬潃鍦板浘娌夋?鑹箙鐨勭帇鑰?獊鐒跺紑鍙ｉ亾锛氣?闄涗笅锛岄偅鑻卞浗姘村笀寮烘倣锛岄檰鍐涙瘯瀹氳緝寮便?姣曠珶涓?釜鍥藉鍐涜垂鏈夐檺锛屼笉鍙兘姘撮檰涓ゅ啗鐨嗗己鎮嶃?灝ゅ叾鏄偅鑻卞浗姘村笀濡傛鐨勫己鎮嶏紝鎯抽偅姘村笀澶у瀷鎴樿埌闈¤垂涔嬪锛岃?鑻卞浗鍗翠繚鏈変竴鐧懼鑹橈紝鑺辮垂涔嬪ぇ鍙兂鑰岀煡锛屾晠鑰佽嚕鏂畾锛岃嫳鍥戒箣闄嗗啗蹇呭畾杈冨急銆傝?鑷ｅ垰鍒氳鍦板浘鍙戠幇鑻卞浗姘村笀鑻ユ兂榪涙敾鎴戞湞姣曚粠椹叚鐢叉搗宄¤?鏉ワ紝鎴戞湞鍙淳閬ｆ按闄嗗啗鍏堣鏀誨崰椹叚鐢插苟鍦ㄦ搗宄′袱宀哥瓚寤虹偖鍙般?鎯蟲潵浠ユ垜澶хЕ闄嗗啗涔嬪己鍦ㄥ緩鏈夌偖鍙頒箣鍒╁畬鍏ㄥ彲浠ラ樆鏁屼簬瑗挎磱銆備竴鏃﹂樆鏁屼簬瑗挎磱鎴愬姛锛屾垜澶хЕ瀹屽叏鍙互鍐嶉仯榪滃緛闄嗗啗榪涙敾鑻卞浗涔嬪嵃搴﹁揩浣胯嫳鍥藉眻鏈嶃?鈥?
銆??锛堟柊鍔犲潯锛?8涓栫邯涓彾锛岃嫳鍥藉湪鏂板姞鍧★紙1819騫達級寤虹珛浜嗚錘鏄撶珯銆?819騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝鑻卞浗鑾變經澹埖澹甯冧笢濮戣儭鐢蟲垚涓哄彈澶ц嫳甯濆浗鎵?壙璁ょ殑鏌斾經鑻忎腹銆?824騫達紝鏂板姞鍧＄殑孌栨皯鍦板湴浣嶈繘涓?鍦板緱鍒扮‘絝嬶細1824騫?鏈堢殑銆婅嫳鑽鋒潯綰︺?锛氳嵎鍏版挙閿?墍鏈夊鑻卞浗鍗犻椹潵浜氥?鏂板姞鍧＄殑鍙嶅鎰忚锛屽苟灝嗕粬浠湪椹潵鍗婂矝鍜屽嵃搴︾殑鎵?湁孌栨皯鍦拌緇欒嫳鍥戒漢銆?鏈堜笌鏂拌嫃涓逛笢濮戣儭鐢衝拰澶╃寷鍏璁㈢殑锛屼袱涓漢鍚屾剰灝嗗矝灞跨殑綆¤緰鏉冭緇欒嫳鍥芥姤銆傛柊鍔犲潯銆侀┈鍏敳鍜屾鍩庝笁涓嫳鍥戒綅浜庨┈鏉ュ崐宀涚殑孌栨皯鍦幫紝浜?826騫存垚涓烘搗宄℃畺姘戝湴锛屽彈鍒拌嫳灞炲嵃搴﹀綋灞?殑綆¤緰銆傚埌1832騫達紝鏂板姞鍧℃垚涓烘畺姘戝湴鐨勬斂搴滄墍鍦ㄥ湴銆?867騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝嫻峰場孌栨皯鍦版寮忔垚涓鴻嫳鍥界殑鐩磋緰孌栨皯鍦幫紝鐢變綅浜庝雞鏁︾殑孌栨皯鍦板姙鍏鐩存帴綆¤緰銆傦級
銆??锛堝嵃搴︼細1600騫磋嫳鍥戒鏡鍏ワ紝寤虹珛涓滃嵃搴﹀叕鍙搞?1757騫村紑濮嬫撥涓鴻嫳孌栨皯鍦幫紝緇忚繃鑻辨硶涓冨勾鎴樹簤涔嬪悗锛岃嫳鍥界殑鍦頒綅騫朵笉宸╁滻锛屽畠鎵?帶鍒剁殑鍦版柟浠嶇劧寰堝皬锛屽ぇ鐗囧湡鍦頒粛淇濈暀鍦ㄥぇ澶у皬灝忕殑鍦熼偊鐜嬪叕鎵嬩腑銆?
銆??1773騫磋嫳鍥介甯冦?璋冩暣娉曘?锛屾妸瀛熷姞鎷夛紝椹痙鎷夋柉锛屽姞灝斿悇絳斾笁鍧楀叕鍙哥洿杈栧湴鍚堜負涓?綋锛屼互鍔犲皵鍚勭瓟鎬葷潱涓轟富綆″畼锛屾?鐫ｇ殑浠誨懡鐢辮嫳鍥借浼氬喅瀹氥?1784騫磋浼氬啀棰佸竷銆婂嵃搴︽硶銆嬶紝瑙勫畾緇熸不鍗板害鐨勬渶楂樻潈濞佹槸鏀垮簻鑰屼笉鏄笢鍗板害鍏徃锛屼粠鑰屾妸鍗板害鐨勬不鐞嗙疆浜庢斂搴滅杈栦箣涓嬨?榪欎袱欏規硶寰嬪瀹氫簡鑻卞浗緇熸不鏁翠釜鍗板害鐨勫熀紜??
銆??鍦ㄩ煢灝旀柉鍒╀警鐖典換鎬葷潱鏈熼棿锛?798锛?805騫達級锛岃嫳鍥藉湪鍗板害榪呴?鎵╁紶銆傞煢灝旀柉鍒╁湪鍦熼偊鐜嬪叕涓墦涓?淳鎷変竴媧撅紝鍒╃敤鐭涚浘浠庝腑娓斿埄銆傚湪3騫存椂闂撮噷鍗板害鍗楁柟宸茶惤鍏ヨ嫳鍥戒箣鎵嬨?鍦ㄥ寳鏂癸紝瀹冨緱鍒拌帿鍗у皵鐜嬫湞棣栭兘寰烽噷锛屽湪涓儴鑻卞浗閲囧彇鍒嗗寲鏀跨瓥鍚勪釜鍑葷牬銆傚埌1805騫翠粬濂夎皟紱諱換鏃訛紝澶ч儴鍒嗗嵃搴﹀凡鍦ㄨ嫳鍥芥帶鍒朵箣涓嬨?