Only two weeks after the agreement,the Soviets had removed the missile systems and their support equipment,loading them onto eight Soviet ships from November 5-9.The quarantine was formally ended at 6：45 pm EDT on November 20，1962.Eleven months after the agreement,all American weapons were deactivated（by September 1963）.An additional outcome of the negotiations was the creation of the Hotline Agreement and the Moscow-Washington hotline,a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington,D.C.
The Cuban Missile Crisis,the Berlin Blockade,and the Suez Crisis are the major confrontations in the Cold War.The Cuban Missile Crisis is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict.It also marks the first documented instance of the threat of mutual assured destruction（MAD）being discussed as a determining factor in a major international arms agreement.
古巴導彈危機是於1962年10月的冷戰期間，發生在蘇聯、古巴和美國三國之間的衝突。1962年8月，在美國一係列推翻古巴政權的行動失敗後，古巴和蘇聯政府開始在古巴秘密地建立基地。這些基地的建立大大增強了古巴中程核導彈打擊美國大部分本土的能力。1962年10月14日，美國空軍U2戰機在一次空中偵查行動中，拍攝下了蘇聯在古巴建設導彈基地的圖片。
美國考慮從海空進攻古巴，並對古巴實施軍事封鎖。美國發表聲明不允許蘇聯在古巴部署進攻性武器，要求撤出在建或建成的導彈基地，並且撤走所有的進攻性武器。在蘇聯方麵，尼基塔·赫魯曉夫給肯尼迪寫信說到美國在國際領域的海空封鎖“是一種侵略性的行動，把人類推向了世界核戰爭的深淵。”
蘇聯公開拒絕了美國的要求，但雙方秘密地達成了解決此次危機的協議。1962年10月28日，美國總統約翰·肯尼迪、聯合國秘書長吳丹和赫魯曉夫達成了一個公開且隱秘的協議，此次危機得以結束。在公開的協議中，蘇聯將部署在古巴的進攻性武器運回到蘇聯，並且接受美國的監督；而美國宣布不侵略古巴。在秘密協議中，美國同意撤出部署在土耳其的美製雷神和木神係列中程彈道導彈。
在達成協議兩周後，蘇聯已經撤除了導彈係統及其配套設備。從11月5日到11月9日，蘇聯將撤除的導彈係統及其配套設備裝載到了八艘蘇聯船隻上。美國東部時間1962年11月20日下午6點45分，封鎖正式結束協議，達成協議11個月後所有的美國武器被停止使用（1963年9月之前）。談判的一個額外成果是莫斯科——華盛頓熱線協議的建立，它是莫斯科和華盛頓之間的直接溝通渠道。
古巴危機與柏林封鎖、蘇伊士運河危機都被認為是冷戰期間的主要衝突之一，普遍認為古巴導彈危機是最接近轉變為核衝突的關鍵時刻。這也標誌著“相互摧毀的威脅在國際裁軍協議中首次成為了決定性的因素。”
3.The Disintegration of the Soviet Union—The End of the Cold War 蘇聯解體——冷戰終結
Drastic changes in Eastern Europe 東歐劇變
Drastic changes in Eastern Europe,aslo known with the Revolutions of 1989 were the revolutions which overthrew the communist regimes in variousCentral and Eastern European countries.The events began in Poland in 1989，and continued in Hungary,East Germany,Bulgaria,Czechoslovakia and Romania.One feature common to most of these developments was the extensive use of campaigns of civil resistance demonstrating popular opposition to the continuation of one-party rule and contributing to the pressure for change.
1989年羅馬利亞街頭
Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to overthrow its Communist regime violently.However,powerful images of courageous defiance during that protest helped to spark a precipitation of events in other parts of the globe.Among the famous anti-Communist revolutions was the fall of the Berlin Wall,which served as the symbolic gateway to German reunification in 1990.
The European political landscape was drastically changed,with numerous Eastern Bloc countries joining NATO and stronger European economic and social integration entailed.
東歐劇變也稱1989年的革命，是推翻中東歐共產黨執政國家的體製的一場革命。這一係列事件於1989年始於波蘭，繼而是匈牙利、東德、保加利亞、捷克斯洛伐克和羅馬尼亞。這些革命事件的一個共同的特征是這些國家劇變都是民眾反對長期的一黨專製和要求政府進行改革等活動逐步升級的後果。
羅馬尼亞是東歐聯盟國家唯一以暴力方式顛覆社會主義製度的國家。然而，這些劇變的成功，刺激了世界其他地區的抗議活動。在這些顛覆共產主義的活動中，最著名的事件是柏林牆的倒塌，同時它也是東德和西德統一的標誌。
東歐國家的劇變徹底改變了歐洲的政治格局和前景。隨著許多前蘇聯社會主義陣營國家加入北約，歐洲的經濟實力和社會凝聚度大大加強了。
The Disintegration of the Soviet Union 蘇聯解體
The dissolution of the Soviet Union was the disintegration of the federal political structures and central government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics（USSR），resulting in the independence of all fifteen republics of the Soviet Union between March 11，1990 and December 25，1991.The dissolution of the world\\u0027s largest socialist state also marked a formal end to the Cold War.
In order to revive the stagnant Soviet economy,Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev initiated a process of increasing political liberalization in the erstwhile totalitarian,communist one-party state.However,this liberalization led to the emergence of long-repressed nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the diverse republics of the Soviet Union.The Revolutions of 1989 led to the fall of the socialist states allied to the Soviet Union and increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union\\u0027s constituent republics.Under Gorbachev\\u0027s leadership,the Communist Party of the Soviet Union subsequently introduced direct elections,formed a new central legislature and ended its ban on political parties.Although a March 1991 referendum showed a large majority of Soviet citizens voting to retain the Union,its legitimacy was marred by a boycott from the Baltic republics.The legislatures of the Soviet republics began passing laws undermining the control of the central government and endorsing independence.
The increasing political unrest led the conservative establishment of the Soviet military and the Communist Party to attempt a coup d\\u0027état to oust Gorbachev and re-establish an authoritarian and strong central regime in August 1991.Although foiled by popular agitation led by Boris Yeltsin,the coup attempt led to heightened fears that the reforms would be reversed.On December 22，1991 the presidents of the Soviet republics of Russia,Ukraine and Belarus met secretly and agreed to dissolve the Soviet Union,replacing it with a loose,voluntary form of union known as the Commonwealth of lndependent States.Increasingly powerless in the face of events,Gorbachev resigned from his office and the Soviet Union formally ended its existence on December 25，1991.In international law,Russia was recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union,and took complete possession of its arsenal of nuclear weapons.The Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to the end of decades-long hostility between NATO and the Warsaw Pactr.