The consequences of child abuse and neglect can be devastating （嚴重的） and far-reaching （深遠的）. Physical injuries can range from bruises, scrapes, and burns to brain damage, permanent disabilities and death. The psychological effects of abuse and neglect can last a lifetime and may include a lowered sense of self-worth, inability to relate to （與…相處融洽） peers, reduced attention span （時間段）, and learning disorders （學習障礙）. In severe cases, abuse may result in psychiatric disorders （心理失衡） like depression, excessive anxiety, or split personality as well as an increased risk of suicide. Behavior problems often develop after abuse, including violence and juvenile crime.
26.幫助受虐兒童
段落大意：有些兒童雖然受到虐待，卻沒有表現出極端的不安。
Despite being abused, the majority of maltreated children do not show signs of extreme disturbance, and many can cope with their problems. A number of factors help insulate （隔離） children from the effects of maltreatment, including high intelligence, good academic achievement, good temperament, and having close personal relationships.
27.家長參與對孩子教育的影響
段落大意：家長參與孩子的教育對孩子的成長具有重要的積極影響。
Parental involvement （家長參與） is a key element of children’s development. Research has shown that if parents become involved in their children’s schoolwork while the children are young, the children are more likely to remain academically motivated in their later school years. Experts on children education urge parents—but do not require them—to volunteer to help at the centers by supervising children at play, reading to them, working with the staff on serving meals, or preparing art materials for class projects.
28.美國女性受到的歧視
段落大意：美國女性在選舉、就業等方麵受到了歧視，為消除歧視，人們進行了一係列的努力，以保證女性享有與男性平等的合法權利。
American women have historically been victims of discrimination in voting （which was not secured for women until a 1920.constitutional amendment）, employment, and other civil rights. For many years, for example, women were denied the right to serve in juries. In the late 1960s women organized to demand legal equality with men. They founded the National Organization for Women and other groups to fight for equality in education, employment, and government. As a result of the 1964.Civil Rights Act （《民權法案》）, women made some gains against employment discrimination. During the 1970s, the effort was aimed not only against discriminatory practices but also against traditional attitudes toward the role of women in society. In 1972.Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment （《平等權利修正案》） （ERA） to the Constitution and submitted it to the states for ratification （批準）. The ERA was designed to eliminate the last vestiges （殘留） of legal discrimination against women. With only 35.of the required 38.states ratifying the amendment, however, the necessary approval was not secured by the 1982.deadline. Although this was a defeat of the feminist movement （女權運動）, working toward the ERA developed a skilled leadership of female politicians and lobbyists （遊說者）. The goals of the ERA are being achieved through separate legislation and through several lawsuits （訴訟） brought to the Supreme Court under the Equal Protection Clause（平等保護條款） of the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution.
29.美國的種族歧視
段落大意：北美印第安人受到了歧視，國會通過立法保障了他們的權利。
Throughout the United States history many groups have suffered racial or religious discrimination. Since Europeans first came to America, Native Americans have been forcibly （強製地） deprived of their lands and denied civil rights. Congress enacted （製定） the Indian Civil Rights Act in 1968, and the federal courts have entertained （考慮） a number of suits designed to restore ancestral lands and hunting and fishing rights to Native American tribes.
30.其他歧視現象
段落大意：其他社會歧視現象包括：城市選民無法享有同等的國會代表權，老年人受到就業和住房歧視，有犯罪前科的人和精神病人被剝奪了合法權利，外來人口無法享有同等的就業機會等。
Discrimination has also taken other forms. For many years, urban voters have been denied equal representation in Congress and state legislatures. The elderly have been faced with discrimination in employment and housing, despite federal and state laws enacted to prevent such practices. Former prisoners and mental patients have suffered unfair treatment after their terms of confinement （拘禁） ended. Some aliens （外來人） have been deprived of equal employment opportunities. Moreover, people with physical disabilities have endured discrimination in employment and access to public facilities and transportation. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.addressed these problems on the national level.
31.對外來人口和少數族群的歧視
段落大意：很多國家都歧視外來人口和少數族群，包括宗教歧視、種族歧視和性別歧視等。
Many nations practice discrimination against foreigners and disfavored （不被喜歡的） minorities （少數群體） within their borders. Such discrimination has various types. It may be religious, such as policies that disfavor people holding certain belief. It can be racial, as the apartheid （種族隔離） policy that was enforced in South Africa from 1948.to 1992. It may also be the sex discrimination. For example, in many countries women were deprived of voting right for a long time. The laws of each country should be the means of combating discrimination. Nevertheless, instead of reducing it, these laws often encourage discriminatory practices.
32.非洲人移民美洲的曆史發展源頭和曆史進程
段落大意：早在歐洲人開發美洲這塊新大陸之前，就有非洲人移民到了美洲。幾個世紀以來，非洲黑人們對美洲的多元化文化的發展做出了具大的貢獻。
The Latin American and Caribbean regions were the first areas of the Americas to be populated by African immigrants. African immigration to the Americas may have begun before European exploration of the region. Blacks sailed with Christopher Columbus even on his first voyage in 1492, and the earliest Spanish and Portuguese explorers were likewise accompanied by black Africans who had been born and reared in Iberia. In the following four centuries millions of immigrants from Africa were brought to the New World as slaves. Today, their descendants form significant ethnic minorities in several Latin American countries, and they are the dominant element in many of the Caribbean nations. Over the centuries, black people have added their original contributions to the cultural mix of their respective societies and thus exerted a profound influence on all facets of life in Latin America.
33.女性權利的概念
段落大意：女性權利指女性享有與男性同等的社會地位、經濟地位和政治地位。女性雖然已獲得很多權利，但仍未獲得與男性同等的權利。
Women’s rights refer to the rights that establish the same social, economic, and political status for women as for men. Women’s rights guarantee that women will not experience discrimination on the basis of their sex. Until the second half of the 20th century, women in most societies were denied some of the legal and political rights accorded （授予） to men. Although women in much of the world have gained significant legal rights, they still haven’t fully achieved political, economic, and social equality with men.
34.曆史上的女性權利
段落大意：曆史上，女性被剝奪了財產權、受教育權和合法身份權。但與此同時，也出現了一些敢於爭取權利的女性。
In most societies throughout history, women were deprived of property, education, and legal status. They were simply the responsibility of their husbands if married, or of their fathers or other male relatives. However, there were examples of exceptional women who challenged patriarchal（家長製的） structures in their lives and writings. For example, a German abbess（女修道院院長）, Hildegard of Bingen, defied the authority of male church leaders. An Italian writer and courtier （朝臣）, Christine de Pisan, defended women and wrote biblical （聖經的） commentaries that challenged the patriarchal ideas inherent（固有的） in Christianity. By the end of the 17th century, a number of women writers, such as Mary Astell in England, had called for improvements in women’s education.
35.女權主義思想的積極影響
段落大意：女權主義思想吸引公眾關注男女不平等這一社會現象，引起人們對女性角色的重新思考，也促進了一些保護女性權利的政策的出台。
Feminist thinking has succeeded in drawing public attention to inequality between women and men and to the structures within society that belittle women’s worth and work against women. It has led to the reconsideration of women’s role in workplace and resulted in the promulgation （頒布） of policies that promote equal pay and equal opportunities. Moreover, it has identified and tackled the problem of sexual harassment （性騷擾） at work. Feminism has also succeeded in challenging people’s perceptions （認知） of women’s skills, with the result that some women are entering nontraditional areas of female employment such as the construction industry.
36.對女性的偏見
段落大意：長久以來，西方文化對女性有著根深蒂固的偏見。許多人認為女性天生就是母親和妻子，更適合養育孩子和做家務。
Throughout much of the history of Western civilization, deep-rooted （根深蒂固的） cultural beliefs allowed women only to perform certain roles in society. Many people believed that women’s natural roles were as mothers and wives. They considered women to be better suited for child-bearing （生育） and homemaking （家政） rather than for involvement in public life, business and politics. The widespread belief that women were intellectually inferior to men caused most societies to limit women’s education to mere domestic （家庭的） skills. On the other hand, well-educated, upper-class men controlled most essential positions in society.