1.體育與政治互相影響
段落大意：體育與政治會互相影響。南非實行種族隔離製度時，許多運動員拒絕參加在南非舉行的運動項目。
At times, sports and politics can have a large amount of influence on each other. When South Africa carried out the policy of apartheid （種族隔離）, many athletes, particularly in rugby unions, adopted the conscientious （負責的） approach that they should not appear in sports competitions there. Some feel this was an effective contribution to the eventual demolition （破壞） of the policy of apartheid, while others feel that it may prolong and reinforce the policy’s worst impacts.
2.南非的種族隔離製度與運動
段落大意：南非種族隔離時期，運動作為一個突破口，表明了社會上的變化。
The apartheid era was based on customary segregation （隔離）, reinforced by general discriminatory legislation. Later, it was challenged by an increasingly forceful non-racial movement that raised a crucial question, “Who is a South African?”The government responded to the non-racial movement in a number of ways, including accusations of treason（叛國罪） and regular threats of draconian （嚴厲的） legislation. However, the authorities consistently failed to solve the problem of controlling recreational space rigorously （嚴格地） to achieve ultimate segregation. In any case after 1967, sport was used as a reforming tool to persuade the rest of the world that real change was underway in South Africa. By the early 1980s, sport had been exempted （免除） from apartheid legislation, but it continued to be practiced in the context of apartheid society.
3.體育中的民族主義
段落大意：體育中的民族主義顯而易見，有時這種緊張的局麵會造成運動員之間和觀眾之間的衝突，這有違運動的基本精神。
Nationalism （民族主義） is often evident in the pursuit of sport or in its reports. People compete in national teams, commentators （實況播音員） and audiences adopting a partisan （偏袒的） view. On occasion, such tensions can lead to violent confrontation among players or spectators within and beyond the sporting venue. These trends are seen by many as contrary to the fundamental ethos （精神） of sport.
4.體育與民族主義
段落大意：體育與民族主義緊密聯係在一起。體育為國與國之間的象征性競爭提供了場所，經常會反映兩國間的衝突，也可用做外交手段，還可成為民族驕傲的象征。
Nationalism and sport are often intertwined （相互交織）, as sport provides a venue for symbolic competitions between nations. In addition, sports competitions often reflect national conflicts, and in fact have often been a tool of diplomacy. The involvement of political goals in sport is seen by some as contrary to the fundamental ethos of sport, but this involvement has been true throughout the sport history. Most sports are contested between national teams, encouraging the use of sporting events for nationalist purposes, whether intentionally or not. The signaling of national solidarity （團結） through sport is one of the primary forms of banal （平凡的） nationalism. Some people view sporting events as a matter of national pride. The Ashes is a matter of national pride between England and Australia. Also in cricket （板球）, a match between India and Pakistan, puts both countries on a virtual standstill （停頓） as the national pride becomes their only concern.
5.愛爾蘭曆史上的體育與文化民族主義
段落大意：在愛爾蘭曆史上，體育與文化民族主義相互關聯。
In the history of Ireland, Gaelic （蓋爾的） sports were connected with cultural nationalism. Until the mid-20th century, a person could have been banned from playing Gaelic football, hurling, or other sports administered by the Gaelic Athletic Association （GAA） if he or she played or supported football （soccer） or other games that are of British origin. Until recently the GAA continued to ban the playing of soccer and rugby at Gaelic venues. This ban is still enforced, but has been modified to allow football and rugby to be played in Croke Park while Lansdowne Road is being reconstructed. Originally, under Rule 21, the GAA also banned members of the British security forces and members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary（RUC） from playing Gaelic games, but the advent （到來） of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998.led to the eventual removal of the ban.
6.美國體育運動領域的性別歧視
段落大意：在很長一段時間內，體育運動在美國被認為是男性的活動。
Athletics in America, as in many countries, was long defined as a male activity. Competitive athletics—particularly team sports—was seen as a masculine preserve. Little boys were given footballs, while little girls were given dolls. Playing sports is regarded a serious business for boys, but only viewed as a recreational activity for girls. The physical strength and mental toughness from sports was considered beneficial for boys but harmful for girls. A director of physical training at Wellesley College, a women’s school in Massachusetts, wrote in 1903, “Fierce competitive athletics have their dangers for men, but they develop manly strengths. For women, their dangers are greater, and the qualities they tend to develop are not womanly.”
7.美國體育教育中的性別成見
段落大意：美國體育教育中一直存在這樣的偏見：女性被動、合作，而男性積極、好鬥。
The gender stereotype of the passive, cooperative female and the active, competitive male guided the development of physical education in America through most of the 20th century. In the late 1920s the leaders of physical education for women in the United States formally rejected what they saw as the intensely competitive model of men’s sports, promoting instead an alternative based on educational values and social interaction. This decision gave women control over their own athletic programs. In the generation before Title IX, women coached more than 95.percent of women’s teams and administered 90.percent of women’s intercollegiate （大學間的） athletics programs. This situation changed dramatically in the following years after Title IX was passed, as the control of women’s programs was shifted from the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women （AIAW） to the male-dominated National Collegiate Athletic Association （NCAA）. In 1997, according to a study by two Brooklyn College researchers, women coached less than half of women’s teams and administered only 17.percent of women’s programs.
8.音樂作為獨特的交流方式
段落大意：正如語言一樣，音樂是一種獨特的交流方式。
Like language, another arrangement of sounds, music is a uniquely human form of communication with well-developed rules of construction much like grammar. Some language experts would say that you can listen to someone speaking a language you do not understand and still know whether the speaker is excited or tired, angry or delighted. You would be making interpretations based upon the speech patterns: loud or soft, high-pitched （高音的） or low-pitched, rapid and bitten off （吞音）, or slow and smooth. Corresponding to these elements of speech are musical variables （變量） such as dynamics （力度） （force and volume）, register （音域） （range of music or voice）, mode （arrangement of a set of tones）, and articulation （發音） 〔such as staccato （斷音的）, meaning abrupt and crisp; or legato （連奏的）, smooth and even〕. On the other hand, most people would agree that a meaningful conversation can only take place when both the speaker and the listener speak the same language. The conversation becomes even more meaningful when the parties are talking about something or someone they both know well.
9.音樂的功能
段落大意：音樂具有強大的交流功能，有助於年輕人的性格發展，淨化心靈。
Although there is no general agreement as to exactly what music communicates or how it communicates, some people believe that music possesses great powers in communication. Most ancient Greek philosophers believed that listening to music based on certain modes was beneficial to the development of youth’s character, while listening to music based on other modes would have adverse effects. For centuries Chinese ideas about music have been influenced by the philosophy of Confucius, which holds that music is not to entertain but to purify one’s minds.
10.野營的概念
段落大意：野營是一種休閑活動，給人們提供了直接體驗自然的機會，有助於野營者的身心健康。
Today camping is primarily a recreational activity. Camping provides an opportunity for one to experience nature personally. Campers participate in fishing, hunting, swimming, plant study, bird and wildlife watching, and nature photography. Also camping helps people escape the stress of city life. It provides physical benefits when it involves hiking to, from, and around a campsite, and many outdoor enthusiasts believe that camping instills （灌輸） confidence in youngsters and offers older campers opportunities to challenge themselves in unfamiliar surroundings. Recent improvements in camping gear （工具） and a growing number of organizations that teach people wilderness safety have made it easier to spend several days or even weeks in the outdoors.
11.野營與環保
段落大意：許多人參與野營，對環境造成的影響是巨大的。管理部門鼓勵野營者注意對環境的保護。
In 1995.about 7.1.million people spent at least one night in campgrounds operated by the National Park Service, and 2.2.million more camped in the backcountry （邊遠地區）. With so many people enjoying the outdoors, the impact of camping on the land is great. All land management agencies encourage park visitors to practice an ethic that leaves little or no imprint on the environment. Conscientious campers take out everything they carry and stay in designated zones. They never take souvenirs （紀念品）, leaving rocks, plants, and animals where they found them. If they find a lost or injured animal, they remain at a distance and never touch the animal. They report the animal to a ranger（管理員）, game warden（狩獵監督官）, or other official who is trained to work with wildlife. National parks request that visitors should not feed wild animals. Some parks also prohibit dogs and other pets in the backcountry because they disturb birds and other wildlife. In the front country, campers should keep pets on leashes.
Many campers avoid building campfires in the backcountry, unless they find a metal fire ring or grill （烤架） already there. Instead of breaking off branches or chopping small trees for firewood, they gather small pieces of wood that have fallen onto the ground. Washing dirty dishes and bathing in a stream, river, or lake can pollute water systems and should be avoided. Campers dispose of human waste by digging a hole 30.cm deep at a distance of at least 80.m from any source of water. When campers finish their stay, they should cover the hole and carry out used toilet paper. These measures ensure that future campers who visit the campsite will find it clean.
12.書籍的價值
段落大意：書籍的稀缺性及價值取決於一些特定標準，其中很多與書的文學價值無關。
The rarity （稀缺性） and value of a book are determined by certain criteria, many of which are, in fact, irrelevant to the literary merit（價值） of the work. Books may be prized because only a limited number of copies were printed, or because they were printed with hand-set type or made with handmade paper, or because costly reproduction processes and binding materials were used. The most desirable books, however, are the first editions （usually small in number） of books by well-known writers, particularly those whose reputations were established posthumously （於死後） or late in their writing careers. Incunabula （古版書） and books published during the earlier phases （時期） of printing, from about the middle of the 15th to the late 17th century, were invariably issued in comparatively small editions. Thus, surviving copies become increasingly valuable as a result of inevitable losses and injuries through the years.
13.促使書升值的一些因素
段落大意：一些書由於印刷或裝訂錯誤、前擁有者的知名度等因素而升值。
Rare books that are valuable to bibliophiles （愛書家） because of defects in printing or binding, such as a defective cover, a missing or a superfluous（多餘的） title page, or a significant typographical（印刷上的） error, constitute a special category. In addition, some otherwise commonplace books gain value in the rare-book market because of their previous illustrious （著名的） owners and, in some cases, by inscriptions （題字） or marginal comments inserted by these owners. Such works are known as association copies.
14.收藏錢幣的原因
段落大意：人們出於多種原因而收藏錢幣：錢幣能反映曆史，具有藝術、文學、宗教等價值。
Coins, whether old or new, have a special attraction for many hobbyists （嗜好成癖者） as well as professional dealers and investors. Coins, medals, and paper money touch on every aspect of the human condition: history, geography, philosophy, politics, economics, the arts, and all areas of science. Coins are mirrors of history. Numismatic（錢幣學的） scholars study coin portraits of monarchs—some famous, others scarcely known—and the inscriptions and designs on coins that often refer to important events. Even analyzing the purity of the metal from which a coin was made can provide an insight into the conditions of its time. Other people examine and collect coins for their artistic beauty or for their connection to literature or religion. For example, the tiny ancient Judaic（猶太的） lepton （古希臘小硬幣） has become a numismatic curiosity because it is probably the coin referred to in the Bible as the “widow’s mite （小硬幣）,”the offering made by a poor woman that Jesus declared to be worth more than the gold given by the wealthy.
15.錢幣的市場價值
段落大意：供求關係及其本身的狀況決定著錢幣的市場價值。
The market value of any coin—the price a dealer can actually accept for it—is determined by supply and demand. Some exotic （異國的） coins are quite scarce, but their prices remain low because there is no great demand for them. Yet many fairly recent British, Canadian, and American coins, as well as coins from other times and places, are more available, but their prices are relatively high because there are far more numismatists who collect them. As with any collectable （珍藏物）, the condition of a coin is a major factor in determining its value.
16.觀鳥的概念
段落大意：觀鳥指在鳥類的自然生存環境中觀察和辨認鳥的活動，以獲得娛樂或教育。
Birding, also known as bird watching, refers to the activity of observing and identifying birds in their natural environment for personal enjoyment or for educational purposes. Birders learn to recognize the distinctive feathers, colors, and structures of various bird species, as well as their calls, characteristic behaviors, and habitats. In the United States, some 47.million people participate in birding, making it one of the most popular outdoor recreational activities.
17.觀鳥者的活動
段落大意：觀鳥者的活動一般從自家後院開始，逐步擴大與深入，他們會詳細記錄觀察結果，包括鳥的種類、觀察日期和地點等，並以此為榮。
Birders often keep detailed lists of the bird species they have observed as well as the specific date and location, starting with those found in their own yards and neighborhoods. As their interest grows and their identification skills develop, many birders take pride in the growing list of species that they have observed in further places, such as other states, provinces, countries, or even continents. Many birders challenge themselves and their peers by setting records for observing the most species in a day, an entire year, or even a lifetime.
18.觀鳥者個人記錄的價值
段落大意：觀鳥者對鳥類的觀察記錄不隻是一種娛樂，很多時候還極具科學用途。
Making lists of identified birds can be more than an activity of personal entertainment. In many cases these records also serve a scientific purpose. Skilled birders around the world who participate as volunteers in research projects gather information on the health of bird populations. These studies often provide the best available data—sometimes the only data—about bird life in specific areas and during specific seasons. In this way data gathered by birders may play an important role in determining land use and wildlife-management policies aimed at preserving birds and their habitats.
19.觀鳥者應該遵守道德規範
段落大意：觀鳥者應該遵守道德規範，以保護鳥類及其棲息地。
Birders should follow a code of ethics in order to protect birds and their habitats as well as the rights of property owners and outdoor enthusiasts. Birders should care for the welfare of birds by protecting their important habitats, by staying on designated trails to avoid disrupting wild habitats, and by not frightening birds out of trees or exposing them to danger in order to obtain a better view. During group outings, birders need to lessen or prevent the impact of a large group of people on the wilderness.
Birders should limit the use of bird sound records and other methods to attract birds, particularly in areas shared with many other birders. These methods should never be used to attract, threaten or endanger birds because it may burden them with unnecessary stress and negatively affect their breeding behaviors by exposing them more often to the wilderness. It may also place them at higher risk from predators （捕食者）. The presence of rare birds should only be advertised to other birders if the area can be accessed with minimal disturbance to the bird. The nesting sites of rare birds should not be made public. Instead, birders should report the sites to conservation authorities, such as the state or provincial department of wildlife.