21.曆史文物保護
段落大意：保護曆史文物的意義在於文物可以傳達特定的含義。
Historic preservation is a professional endeavor that seeks to preserve the ability of old or historic objects to communicate an intended meaning. This meaning is rooted in cultural and social processes that negotiate how the authenticity of the historical objects should be expressed. More recently historic preservation has subsumed （包含） issues of healthy living, sustainability, and green building to justify the retention （保留） of the built environment. These “objects”can consist of any kind of cultural material of any scale, from something microscopic （精微的） to the entire landscapes. Traditionally, however, historic preservation has only been applied to individual buildings. It is this definition that is most commonly accepted by the public.
22.曆史文物保護的重要性
段落大意：保護曆史文物至關重要。許多曆史建築正麵臨被拆除或毀壞的危險，一旦被毀，將是人類社會重大的損失。
Historic preservation is vitally important now more than ever. It seems that in every community, our nation’s historic architecture is under certain kind of threat. In Gary and other urban areas, many buildings have deteriorated due to abandonment. Ironically, in towns and smaller cities, old buildings face exactly the opposite threat. For example, the historic architecture in Valparaiso had to make way for “further development.”On the other hand, in Europe, buildings which are hundreds of years old are perfectly sound and still in use. The workmanship seen in old buildings is simply superior in so many ways to that used in modern construction. More importantly, historic buildings embody a distinctive form of American architecture that will never again be duplicated （複製）, and they add an irreplaceable component to the character and personality of our communities. How would we feel if every example of art from a certain period was systematically destroyed? The architecture helps shape our feelings about where we live.
23.美國《國家曆史保護法》
段落大意：美國《國家曆史保護法》是最重要的曆史保護法案，包括多項條款，在保護曆史文物方麵起到了重要作用。
The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.is undoubtedly the most important piece of legislation dealing with historic preservation. It established the National Register of Historic Places, created the concept of certified historic districts, authorized enabling legislation to fund preservation activities, encouraged the establishment of State Historic Preservation Offices, established an Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and stated that federal preservation programs would rely on voluntary cooperation of owners of historic properties, and would not interfere with ownership rights. The significance of the Act should not be underestimated. One 1987.publication appraised its impact: ...an estimate would be that there are 2,000.to 3,000.preservation organizations actively engaged in public education, advocacy, preservation and restoration projects of various kinds. Membership in the National Trust for Historic Preservation grew from 10,700.in 1966.to 185,000.in 1986. More than 35.university graduate professional and technical courses directly related to historic preservation were created in the interim （過渡時期）. It would be reasonable to estimate that more than 54,000.jobs were created in the administrative aspect of preservation alone.
24.曆史教堂
段落大意：曆史教堂雖具有重要的價值，體現了祖先的宗教信仰，卻麵臨著被破壞的危險。
Historic churches are not only beautiful, but also embody a style of architecture that is unique and will never again be duplicated. Historic churches are monuments to our ancestor’s faith. They add much to the character and personality of a community. Few, if any, modern churches boasts （包含） the carved stone facades （正麵）, vaulted （圓頂的） ceilings and soaring stained-glass （彩色玻璃） windows that many historic churches possess. Unfortunately, in Crown Point, First Presbyterian （長老會） Church, a landmark for more than 150.years was demolished（毀壞） on June 7, 1999. The city’s founder, Solon Robinson, had donated six lots （地塊） for the original church which was constructed of wood in 1845. The later church was solidly constructed of brick, but the shell of that church succumbed （屈服） to the crane （起重機） and the wrecking ball （落錘破碎機）. There was nothing structurally wrong with the building.
25.古建築保護
段落大意：古建築的保護是一個複雜的過程，涉及對其曆史價值的定義、評估和保護，需要多方共同努力。
Historic preservation is a complex procedure, involving a great deal of attention to detail, research and documentation. The procedure can involve identification, evaluation, and protection of historic properties, as well as preservation. Any historic preservation project requires the design team to perform dual roles. They must assess the original condition and intent of the property and work within the modern architecture and construction environment to achieve a historic look and feel. For projects that intend to retain a structure’s history, steps should be taken to duplicate the original historic design of a property. This requires specialized knowledge of the property, including the time period in which the structure was built, the vision of the original owner or architect, and the setting in which the structure is located. Occasionally, grant or loan money may be available to restore historic properties. A structure can be historic in appearance while containing modern conveniences. Some structures may require extensive work in order to bring them up to modern standards. Historic properties require special consideration if they want to be historic and modern structures at the same time. This consideration can satisfy the dual demands of preservation and modernization.
26.古建築的再利用
段落大意：古建築的再利用指在保持其曆史特征的同時對其進行適應性再利用。
Old buildings often outlive （比…活得久） their original purposes. Adaptive reuse is a process that adapts buildings for new uses while retaining their historic features. An old factory may become an apartment building. A rundown（破敗的） church may find new life as a restaurant. One famous example of adaptive reuse is the Gallery（畫廊） of Modern Art for the Tate Museum in London. Designed by the Pritzker Prize winning architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, the museum was once a power station.
27.古建築保護例子 I：威廉斯堡
段落大意：威廉斯堡的保護是由個人發起並資助的。這個保護項目規模宏大，操作過程為其他保護項目提供了寶貴的借鑒經驗，而且威廉斯堡本身具有重要的教育意義。
It is surprising that the restoration of Williamsburg （威廉斯堡） was initiated and supported by a private individual, for Williamsburg was a restoration project of a much larger scope than had been seen before. In 1926, the rector （教區牧師） of the local Parish （教區） Church in Williamsburg convinced John D. Rockefeller, Jr. that the town, which had served as the original capital of the colony of Virginia and was recognized as the “birthplace of liberty,”should be saved and restored in its entirety. Rockefeller, one of the richest men in America, gave generously to the effort. Williamsburg’s restoration was the first attempt to restore an entire community. The project presented many problems of preservation which had not been encountered before. The primary problem was that much of the original town had been lost over the centuries and had to be rebuilt. However, such a loss of historic buildings cannot be fully replaced through reconstruction or replication. John Ruskin argued that the true beauty of a building could only come out with time, and it could not be replicated through later reconstruction efforts. The first efforts to reconstruct Williamsburg are now perceived as misguided in some respects, but the importance of the early and significant restoration efforts should not be minimized. Although preservationists today see much of the early work as inappropriate, more recent work has been done with sensitivity （敏感性） to the historic significance of the original structures. Curators （評論員） have recognized that sometimes a secondary building that is original can be more significant than an important structure that has been reconstructed from new materials. A reconstruction is never able to fully replace the original, no matter how well done. It has also been recognized that structures age over time, and the Williamsburg staff no longer keeps every structure in perfect condition. They let time do its part. Thus, on some structures the paint has been allowed to weather （受侵蝕）, and lawns which had been carefully cut now are home to grazing sheep, as would have been common in the 17th century. Despite some of its shortcomings, Williamsburg remains one of the country’s most significant and historic districts, for it represents more than its buildings. As Rockefeller recognized, it is valuable for “the lesson it teaches of the patriotism, high purpose, and unselfish devotion of our forefathers to the common good.”
28.古建築保護例子 II：格林菲爾德村博物館
段落大意：20世紀另一個由個人資助的曆史建築保護項目是格林菲爾德村博物館。盡管人們對該村存在一些爭議，但其仍有一些價值，福特稱之為一本活教科書。
Another great 20th-century preservation project sponsored by a single wealthy individual was Greenfield Village Museum, established in 1929.with funding from Henry Ford. Although recognized as a significant historical museum, Greenfield Village has been consistently criticized for having been too much a product of Ford’s personal tastes. Indeed, the village is a mixture of structures that Ford brought together, many of which relate to his great love for inventions. Restoration of the structures was often done according to Ford’s tastes, even when those tastes were not historically accurate. All the structures were transplanted （遷移） from their original sites, losing their contextual significance, and had been distributed in an almost random manner. Greenfield Village should be evaluated in other terms, however. Ford intended that Greenfield Village be an “animated （有生命的） textbook,”and an accessible teaching laboratory for students. Seen in this light, it has served its purpose well.