英語句子有嚴格的主謂結構。這個結構通常由名詞性短語(NP)和動詞性短語(VP)構成。主語不可或缺,謂語動詞是句子的中心,兩者協調一致(S-V concord),提綱挈領,聚集各種關係網絡。因此英語句子主次分明,層次清楚,前呼後擁,規範嚴密。句式呈“聚集型”(compactness)。英語的主謂結構可歸結為五種基本句型:SV,SVP,SVO,SVOO,SVOC。各種英語句子均可看作這五種基本句型及其變式、擴展、組合、省略或倒裝。
(1)基本句型的變式(變疑問句、變否定句、變被動句、There be+主語)
(2)基本句型的擴展a增加修飾語;修飾語主要是定語和狀語,可以采用單詞或詞組,也可以采用從句。如:
Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part,thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.譯文:現在集成電路成了計算機的組成部分,使計算機的體積大大縮小,從而產生了新一代的袖珍式微型計算機。
When Chou En-lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that bordered on the beautiful.譯文:周恩來的房門打開了,他們看到了一位身材修長的人,比普通人略高,目光炯炯,麵貌引人注目,稱得上清秀。
b)擴展基本句型的成分;基本句型的成分是單詞,若采用詞組或從句,句型結構即得以擴展。
The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.譯文:鋼的結構及其形成的性質,取決於加熱的溫度和冷卻的速度。
The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the“winners”and“losers”,譯文:談判期間,各國的利益變化不定,好象萬花筒似的,這就使得人難以分辨出究竟誰是“勝者”,誰是“輸家”。
(3)基本句型的組合;基本句型及其變式、擴展,還可以通過並列連詞或標點連接起來,組合並列句或並列複合句。
A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth,but the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare;here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.譯文:人們所知道的幾個星球並不比地球大多少,但絕大多數的星球卻大得足以容納成千上萬個地球還綽綽有餘;我們到處都能遇見大得足以包容千千萬萬個地球的巨星。
(4)基本句型的省略。基本句型及其變式、擴展和組合,根據表達的需要,可以省略某些成分或詞語。一般來說,省略的部分可以複原,省略句仍然可以看作是基本句型的變體。如:
To err is human,to forgive(is)divine.譯文:人孰無過,恕過者神。
If one had but two heads and neither required sleep!譯文:人要是有兩個腦袋,而且都不需要睡覺,那就好了。
Every language has its peculiarities;they are established by usage,and whether(they are)right or wrong,they must be complied with.譯文:每種語言都有特點,這些特點是在習慣中形成的,不論正確與否,都得遵守。
A serious matter this for you and me.(This is a serious matter for you and me.)
(5)基本句型的倒裝。基本句型及其變式、擴展和組合,根據表達的需要,可以調換其正常的語序。一般來說,調換的語序可以複原,倒裝句也可以看作是基本句型的變體。如:
The greatest truths are the simplest,so are the greatest men.譯文:最偉大的真理總是最樸素的,最偉大的人物總是最樸素的。
Naked you want it,naked you’ll have it.譯文:你要求把事實和盤托出,那就這樣吧。