What, then, is ethics? Ethics is two things. First, ethics refers to well-fouandards ht and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms hts, obligations, bes to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics, for example, refers to tho standards that impo the reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. Ethical standards also include tho that enjoin virtues of hoy, passion, and loyalty. Ahical standards include standards relating thts, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics becau they are supported by sistent and well-founded reasons.
Sedly, ethics refers to the study and development of one’s ethical standards. As mentioned above, feelings, laws, and social norms deviate from what is ethical. So it is necessary to stantly examine one’s standards to ehat they are reasonable and well-founded. Ethics also means, then, the tinuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our moral duct, and striving to ehat we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to standards that are reasonable and solidly-bad.
什麼是道德，或道德的實質是什麼，這是數千年來一直困擾著無數哲學家和倫理學家的一個深不見底的問題。依照其美德倫理學，亞裏士多德把道德（arete——通譯為“善”）視作為支配人們選擇的某種理想的品質。根據其道德情感論，休謨把道德視作為源自人性中的自然原則即“同情心”的某種“約定”（vention）。出於其批判哲學的進路和對理性的劃分，康德把道德（法則）界說為人的實踐理性中的“定言命令”（categorical imperative）。基於其元倫理學（meta-ethics）的理論建構，斯蒂文森（Richard L. Stevenson）把道德視作為知識領域之外的某種“態度”。依照其規定主義倫理學（prescriptivism ethics），黑爾（Richard M. Hare）把道德歸諸為某種語言的“命定性”（prescriptivism）和“可普遍化性”（universalizability）。在什麼是道德和倫理的問題上，還是維特根斯坦來得簡單：倫理問題是“超驗的”，是“不可言說”的。
Key words & Sentences
關鍵詞句全知道
Spitting on the floor is ahical behavior.
隨地吐痰是不道德的行為。
The ibalistic ethics of feudal society should be banned.
吃人的封建禮教應當被取締。
Human behaviors are restricted by ethics.
人們的行為都受到道德倫理的約束。
Any code of ethics must be predicated upon the basic principles of truth and hoy.
任何倫理的規約都必須以真實與誠實的基本原則為依據。
We should abide by and promote pliah the IIA Code of Ethics.
我們應當遵守國際內部審計師協會的《職業道德規範》，並加強其遵循程度。
We should go against the acts that are trary to our code of ethics.
我們應當抵製與我們的道德標準相悖的行為。
If you’re not taking care of your job well, if you’re always late, if you’re overpromising and under delivering, there’s no way for you to win people’s trust.