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刀是古代一種單刃的砍殺兵器。它由刀身和刀柄構成，刀身較長，脊厚刃薄，適於劈砍。
若論年齡，刀可算是劍的老大哥。早在原始社會，我們的祖先用石頭、蚌殼、獸骨打製成各種形狀的刀。他們選用的石頭多半是石英石、砂岩，也有燧石和水晶石。用這些石料打製成的石刀質堅棱利，是很好的砍劈工具。也有用蚌殼和獸骨磨製的蚌刀、骨刀，這類刀輕便鋒利，適於砍削器物。同樣古代人不僅用刀作為勞動工具，還隨身攜帶作為防身自衛的武器。早在黃帝時代就有一種用玉石製成的刀，刀身十分精致，並刻有花紋圖案，專門用作儀仗飾物。最早的銅刀脫胎於石刀，形狀很小。我國目前發現最早的青銅兵器便是銅刀，它有4000多年的曆史，可謂青銅兵器的始祖。商代的青銅刀，刀形較寬，刃端多向上翹。當時的刀主要用來砍削器物，宰牛羊，或防身自衛，還未正式用於戰爭。西周時期，出現了青銅大刀，柄短刀長，有厚實的刀脊和鋒利的刀刃，刀柄首端呈扁圓環形，所以又叫“環柄刀”。曾在北京市昌平區白浮西周木槨墓中出土兩把青銅刀，一把刀身長41厘米，刀背微弓；另一把長24厘米，類似冰刀形。那時的青銅刀質地較脆，缺少韌性，劈砍時容易折斷。與同時代的銅劍相比，刀的做工粗糙，形體笨拙，遠不如銅劍精巧鋒利，因而刀遲遲沒有投身戰場。秦漢時期，鋼鐵問世以後，刀的製做工藝得到改善，形製上刀身加長，並且已有專門的戰刀和佩刀之分。佩刀講究式樣別致，鑲飾美觀；戰刀則注重質地堅韌，作工精良。在當時諸國戰爭中，兵車已漸漸退出戰場，取而代之的騎兵隊成為作戰主力，馳騁千裏疆場，因此單純的刺兵器不足以發揮效力，擅長劈砍揮殺的鋼刀的製作質量要求越來越高。最通用的刀要算“環首刀”，這種刀直背直刃，刀背較厚，刀柄呈扁圓環狀，長度1米左右，便於在騎戰中抽殺劈砍是一種實戰性較強的短兵器，在戰場上的廝殺格鬥中，許多將領往往長矛短刀並用，遠刺近劈，威力無比。