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惠泉吃茶記
\/姚雪垠\/
凡來到無錫的人,幾乎沒有不去惠山的。惠山的風景實在平常,人們去的目的不在看景,而在吃茶。我住在梅園西邊的太湖岸上,離惠山相當遠,但既然來到無錫小住,也不願放過吃一杯惠泉茶的機會,於是在一個天朗氣清的下午,興致勃勃地去了。
我雖然喜歡吃茶,但對於吃茶一道完全外行。因為我不會吸煙,又沒別的嗜好,坐在房間裏需要一點淡淡的刺激,所以常常吃茶,久之便成習慣。既是找刺激,所以茶不在好,隻要苦香就行;有時兼為解渴,喜歡把大杯倒滿,大口大口地吃。古人文章中譏村俗人吃茶隻要“濃、熱、滿”三個字,我正是這種俗人。但盡管我對吃茶一道很外行,這次去惠山吃茶卻決心要仔細地、慢慢地、小口小口地、用舌尖品著滋味吃。許多年來,我不知遇到過多少人,人人都稱讚惠山的泉水最美,而且我在許多古人的筆記中也常常見到有關讚揚惠泉的掌故逸聞。讀過張岱的《陶庵夢憶》,我知道有些講究吃茶的雅人,如一位叫做閔汶水的老頭子把惠泉水運到南京煮茶,而作者的祖父住在紹興家中,也曾以惠山的水泡茶待客。在杭州人蔣坦所著的《秋燈瑣憶》一書中,也提到有朋友來遊杭州,“以惠山泉一甕見餉”。既然古時交通很不發達,人們尚且把惠泉的水運往幾百裏外泡茶吃,可見這水的名貴,我怎麼能夠不仔細地品品滋味?
我原以為國慶節假期剛過,又不是星期天,遊惠山的人一定很少。誰知一進惠山寺門,簡直像走進熱鬧的廟會,擁擁擠擠,人聲嘈雜,連一個空座位也找不到。等我參觀了寄暢園,看過了無錫的出土文物陳列室和泥人藝術陳列室,看看太陽已經西下,轉回來才在惠泉的院裏找到了一張空桌。我坐下去,向服務員要了綠茶。無錫所有遊覽區的茶資都是每杯一角,南京也是,隻有惠泉是一角二分。我沒問什麼原因,反正道理很明白:這是惠泉。據許多書上說,講究吃茶的人,不但講究茶葉、泉水、火候,還講究茶具。可是惠泉的茶社對茶具是很不講究的,每人一把粗瓷圓茶壺,一隻粗瓷小茶杯,形式和顏色都很惡劣。放在我麵前的茶杯還有碰破的缺口和裂紋。我沒敢挑剔,因為我明白泉水和茶葉是主要的,茶具不是主要的。同時,在我的鄰桌上正有兩位茶客在高談藝術理論,我想,如果我向服務員指出茶具太不美,他們準會笑我這個人有資產階級的藝術思想。
我倒了一杯茶,看見茶色很淡,也聞不到香味,呷了一小口含在嘴裏,用舌尖慢慢品味,不但覺不出味道好,甚至遠沒有南京雞鳴寺的茶好吃。總之,香、色、味三者都極平常。我沒有失望,等了一兩分鍾,又倒一杯,顏色稍微濃一點,吃到嘴裏也有點香味,但是憑良心說,似乎並不比我們在家中吃的茶好多少。仔細地嚐過兩杯,我不能不感到失望了,開始露出村俗本相,大口大口地吃了起來。
當我剛剛坐下的時候,我的桌邊的空位子已經被新來的遊客坐滿。聽他們談話,我知道這是一對夫婦,一位從外地來的姑母,兩個小孩。三個大人坐在椅子上,小孩子們沒有地方坐,隻好站在桌邊。按照規矩,三位大人應該是三壺茶,三個茶杯,但他們同服務員爭執半天,說他們隻有兩個人要吃茶,隻留下兩壺茶,兩個茶杯。他們很懂節約,首先是姑母和丈夫吃,丈夫吃過以後把自己的杯子轉給妻子吃,妻子吃過後又叫兩個孩子吃。孩子們並不喝,隻要吃菱角不要吃茶。母親向他們動員說:“傻崽子,吃哉!這是二泉的茶,吃哉!”這時我已經大口大口地吃過三杯,含著會心的微笑把眼睛離開他們,掃向周圍的茶桌上。
所有的桌邊都坐得滿滿的。所有的人都是快活的。從服裝上,口音上,麵型上,我明白這些遊客不但有本地的,也有來自南方和北方的,有些人們的臉上帶著長途旅行中的日色和風塵。我也明白,這些從外地來的遊客,一定認為今天吃到惠泉茶是很大幸福,會把這件事深深地記在心中,寫在日記上,將來會作為對別人談話的資料,有意無意地到處替惠泉宣傳。如果他們也感覺到茶味很平常,他們大概會懷著謙虛的心情說,不是茶不好,是自己對品茶是外行,不懂得吃茶藝術。
我又看見,附近的一張方桌邊坐著幾個青年人,把一杯紅茶倒得比杯沿高一點,滿懷驚奇地嚷叫說這泉水不同於一般的水。這使我想起來不久前在南京遊燕子磯,那位在觀音閣伺候香火的女人剛給我講完肉身不化的奇跡看見我拔腿想走,趕快給我倒了一滿杯半溫不熱的剩茶,宣傳觀音閣的泉水特別好,證據是茶倒滿杯而不向外溢,我吃了一口,感到一股泥土味,匆匆地留給她一角錢走開了。也就在幾個鍾頭前,我從蠡園回到我住的地方,又熱又渴,例了一滿杯溫開水,當時看得一清二楚,也是水比杯沿高一些不曾溢出。像這樣的水,“滔滔者天下皆是也”,難道隻有惠泉特別麼?於是我含著會心的微笑,從茶桌邊站起來,走去看乾隆皇帝的禦筆題詩。
乾隆皇帝雖然是一位盛世皇帝,見多識廣,但是他也同常人一樣,跟著大家喝彩,說惠泉“江南稱第二,盛名實能副”。其實這事情不足為奇。惠泉是被陸羽評為天下第二泉,而陸羽著過《茶經》,是吃茶藝術的權威和聖人,一向被茶博士們作為茶神來敬,人們對他的意見當然不敢懷疑。自古吃茶的雅人和俗人們,內行和外行們,都跟著吃茶權威歌頌惠泉,乾隆皇帝也跟著歌頌幾句,又何足奇怪呢?
有趣的是,惠泉的泉口是用石頭甃成圓形的小池,緊旁邊又甃了一個方形的小池,據說從圓池中打出來的水好吃,從方池中打出來的水不好吃。乾隆皇帝在詩中寫道:“流為方圓池,一例石欄甃。圓甘而方劣,此理殊難究。”這道理真難“究”麼?其實不然。我相信隻要把方池洗刷得像圓池一樣清潔,水的味道決不會有所不同。這分明是某些文人雅士,好事之徒,故意把惠泉說得非常玄妙,哄自己並以哄人。以乾隆皇帝的聰明,他未必會完全相信,隻不過他害怕別人笑他俗,笑他不精於鑒賞,便隻好人雲亦雲,跟著起哄。想到這裏,我不禁又發出一絲會心的微笑。
惠山因泉而出名,泉因陸羽而出名。現在因慕名而來惠泉吃茶的人們恐怕大部分不知道陸羽是誰。按理說,陸羽所嚐過的水遠沒有一位率領勘察隊的水利專家或地質工程師所嚐過的水多,陸羽沒充分的根據就把天下(全中國)泉水評定甲乙,實在有點狂妄。這道理很簡單,但大家偏不去想。來欣賞惠泉茶的人們不但不需要知道別的,不需要動腦筋想一想,甚至連自己的視覺、嗅覺、味覺都不必用,不必分辨惠泉茶的色、香、味,吃過後跟著大家喝彩就得了,保險不會遭到譏笑和非難。
我離開禦碑,走下高台,穿過天井。剛才高談藝術的兩位茶客仍沒走,正在津津有味地談論一部名作家的小說。我停住腳聽一聽,覺得還是我時常聽到的那些意見,於是我含著會心的微笑打他們的身邊走過,出了寺門。
回到太湖邊,已經是黃昏以後了。匆匆地吃過飯,躺下休息。我想,惠泉是從石縫中噴出的泉水,當然應該比一般的湖水、河水、井水“清冽”,隻是不應該把它推崇得不近情理。如果茶社的工作人員不依賴虛名,忘掉陸羽的品題,稍在茶葉、火候和茶具等方麵注意一下,是可以泡出好吃的茶來的。
想到這裏,我的疲倦消失了,坐起來懷著一點惋惜的心情作《惠泉吃茶記》以記之。
茶意的江南
\/談正衡\/
江南人愛茶。在江南人眼中,會品茶的人都是有涵養的人。所謂一壺清茶可洗十年塵埃,茶的順其自然的靈性、謙謙君子的風範,更令文人雅士垂愛。水軟風輕的江南,它的每一杯苦且清香的茶水,都會將一種靈氣與韻味融入你的生命。
江南的茶意裏,又總是蘊繞著古鎮的氣息。猶記得那年的梅雨初夏,我流連在太湖邊的古鎮南潯和震澤,因為雨,走進了一家茶館,依花窗而坐,要了一壺碧螺春,伴著氤氳的茶香,凝望河對岸薄煙空靈的亭台樓榭,細細啜飲。雨打簷瓦,傳入耳中盡是平平仄仄。忽然有兩個旗袍女子抱著琵琶走到廳堂裏一張桌前坐下,曼妙的評彈聲悠然而起,伴著咿咿呀呀的唱,吳儂軟語雖聽不太懂,但音調婉轉悅耳。那一刻,分明地感覺到,正是茶,賦予了江南特有的內涵與靈性,一如扮靚了女人婀娜身姿的絲綢旗袍。半個下午,我就坐在那窗下,看傍水人家,看矮簷窗,綠蔭掩映,石階宛在水中央。迭影交錯裏,倏然間悠悠搖出一艘小船來,白衫黑褲的船娘,腰肢款擺,盈盈地船尾把櫓輕剪漣漪,咿呀聲彌散在清香久遠的弦音唱韻裏。
接連續了兩壺水,綠色的碧螺春被傾情浸泡,看不見輪回卻兀自在輪回。茶水清碧微黃,苦澀中帶著馥鬱的蘭氣,繞齒三匝的回味裏,猶如一縷清風吹過林間,自有一絲淡淡的朦朧和一抹幽幽的寧靜。江南的茶,真的就如婉約的江南女子,低眉斂笑,容顏恬淡,膚如凝脂,手如柔荑,曼妙柔情,總給人千回百轉欲說還休的滋味。梅雨江南,一壺喝不盡的碧螺春,一簾永遠走不出的幽夢……
江南的名茶,除了產自鳥語花香的太湖之東山島的碧螺春,還有西湖的龍井和黃山的毛峰。如果說,以“色綠、香鬱、味醇、形美”四絕名於世的龍井透著一份從容和閑適,宛若大家閨秀,而外形卷曲如螺、香馥若蘭、回味雋永的碧螺春就是懷春少女,那麼,長年得雲霧滋潤而風韻綽然、香氣清高持久的黃山毛峰,便如出水芙蓉了。
作為皖人,我當然更偏愛美麗而驕傲的黃山茶。黃山毛峰入杯衝泡,霧氣結頂,湯色清碧,嫩芽成朵,葉底黃綠有活力。汲來好水煮頂級毛峰,釋放到杯杯盞盞裏,細細品啜,甘甜醇和,回味香綿,尤能溫暖舒暢一顆如江南一樣恬淡的心。在我的味覺裏,黃山茶就是一片綠蘿藤蔓,沿著記憶的方向漫延,有一種朦朧如水墨畫的江南氣質。山長水遠,不論置身何處,隻要能喝到一杯黃山茶,你就被引領著穿越千年風塵,回到“春風又綠江南岸”的故鄉。
上個世紀八十年代初,朋友朱幸福在上海《新民晚報》上發表文章,敘述古鎮西河的“鬥茶”逸事。雲是西河人晨起洗漱後,第一件事便是泡一宜興小壺釅茶,納於袖間,出門走動,遇者若為同好,即出袖中物相與啜飲,比試香茗高下。說實話,我在那個小鎮教過十年書,隻有耳聞卻不曾親睹,或許是時過境遷了吧。但我二十多年前卻在皖南涇縣一個叫蘇紅的深山裏見識過一種頗有意趣的土罐茶。罐隻有拳頭般大,堪可盈手一握,陶土製的,外表深灰,內裏積了陳年茶垢顯得漆黑。烤茶時,但見女主人將三個洗淨的小罐置於火塘上,待水分烤幹,始逐一放入茶葉慢慢地烤。其間,不時地將小罐端起來抖上翻下,反複多次,直至茶葉被烤得色澤幽亮,香氣四溢,方輪流往小罐裏注入沸水,泡沫激起剛好齊罐口,複將小罐壅入火塘邊滾燙的炭灰中。片刻,罐裏水沸,就可以一一倒出來喝了……此茶稍帶煙火味,入口苦澀,待舌頭輕輕一攪,卻有滿口的清甜奇香。