1.Origin of the Human 人類的起源
The Evolution of Ape-man 猿人的進化
The ape-man（formerly know as Homo erectus）is an extinct[1]species of hominid that originated in Africa,and spread as far as India,China and Java,about 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago.
The first theory is that ape-man migrated from Africa during the Early Pleistocene,possibly as a result of the operation of the Saharan pump,around 2.0 million years ago,and dispersed throughout much of the Old World.Fossilized remains 1.8 to 1 million years old have been found in Africa（e.g.，Lake Turkana and Olduvai Gorge），Europe（Georgiaand Spain），Indonesia（e.g.，Sangiran and Trinil），Vietnam,China（e.g.，Shaanxi）and India.
The second theory is that ape-man evolved in Asia and then migrated[2]to Africa.The species[3]occupied a West Asian site called Dmanisi,in Georgia,from 1.85 million to 1.77 million years ago,at the same time or slightly before the earliest evidence in Africa.Excavations found 73 stone tools for cutting and chopping and 34 bone fragments from unidentified creatures.
猿人（也稱直立人）是一個已經滅絕的古人類物種，約於1.8萬至1.3萬年前，起源於非洲，後遷徙至印度、中國和爪窪（今東南亞）等地區。
有一種理論認為猿人源於非洲，在早更新世[4]晚期，距今約200萬年左右，由於撒哈拉板塊的運動和舊世界許多地方的分離而向外遷移。目前，已經在非洲（如圖爾卡納湖和奧杜威峽穀）、歐洲（格魯吉亞和西班牙）、印度尼西亞（桑吉蘭和特裏尼爾）、越南、中國（如陝西）和印度等地發現其遺跡化石，距今約180～100萬年。
第二個理論認為猿人起源於亞洲，並且在亞洲繁衍，然後遷移到非洲。該物種大約在185萬到177萬年前，在西亞的格魯吉亞建立了一個定居點“德馬尼斯”，這是這個時期或稍早時期猿人在非洲生存的最早證據。目前，已經發掘發現了73個用於切割和斬斷不同物質的石製工具和34片動物碎骨。
The Use of Fire and Tools 對火和工具的運用
Homo ergaster used more diverse and sophisticated stone tools than its predecessors,however,used comparatively primitive[5]tools.H.ergaster refined inherited Oldowan technology developing the first Acheulean bifacial axes：while the use of Acheulean tools began ca.1.6 million years ago,the line of H.erectus diverged some 200，000 years before the general innovation of Acheulean technology.Thus the Asian migratory descendants of H.ergaster made no use of any Acheulean technology.In addition,it has been suggested that H.erectus may have been thefirst hominid to use rafts to travel over.
Sites in Europe and Asia seem to indicate controlled use of fire by H.erectus.A presentation at the Paleoanthropology Society annual meeting in Montreal,Canada in March 2004 stated that there is evidence for used and controlled fires in excavations[6]in northern lsrael from about 690，000 to 790，000years ago.A site called Amata,located on the French Riviera,which lies on an ancient beach,seems to have been occupied by H.erectus；it contains the earliest evidence of controlledfire,dated at around 300，000 years BC.
猿人是在使用石器工具上比其先祖更加多樣化和複雜化，不過，他們使用的工具依然比較原始，他們繼承了奧杜威技術並首次發展其為阿舍利雙麵斧。他們首次使用這種工具是在舊石器時代早期，約160萬年前。在普遍使用阿舍利技術（考古學上對於史前人類石器工藝技術的稱呼）的20萬年前，猿人就出現了分支，但猿人的亞洲移民後裔沒有使用阿舍利技術。考古發現，這一階段猿人第一次使用木筏旅行。
與此同時，歐洲和亞洲的一些發現也表明猿人有使用火的能力。2004年3月，在加拿大的蒙特利爾召開的古人類學年會中顯示，在以色列北部一個距今約69萬至79萬年前的遺跡中找到了猿人控製火並使用火的證據。大概在公元前30萬年，法國南海岸的一個古老海灘上名叫阿馬塔的據點上已經有猿人居住，還有猿人使用火的證據。
Ancient Hunter—Gatherers 古代狩獵者——采集者
The ape-man was probably an ancient hunter-gatherers\\u0027camp.And anthropologists such as Richard Leakey believe that it was more characteristic of modern humans than the south ape.At the same time,increased cranial[7]capacity generally coincides with the more sophisticated tools occasionally found with fossils.
The discovery of Turkana boy in 1984 gave evidence that,In the course of their anatomy,it may not have been capable of producing sounds comparable to modern human speech.Ergaster at least may have communicated with a pre-language lacking the fully developed structure of modern human language,but more developed than the basic communication used by chimpanzees.Turkana boy\\u0027s discovery show that the existence of Homo sapiens capabilities of vocal sound.
Facts have proved that the ape-man has a series of progressive characteristics greatly expanded its adaptability.Therefore,The ape-man do not like their ancestry,as only members of wandering in the wilderness of Africa,but in later years doggedly out of Africa,spread to vast areas of Asia and many parts of Europe.
猿人很可能是一個古代狩獵—采集者的“營地”。人類學家理查德·利基等認為，猿人比之前的南方古猿更具有現代人類的特征。科學家還發現了同時代的與猿人腦容量增加相符合的更為複雜的工具。
1984年，圖爾卡納男孩遺骨於肯尼亞被發現，在對其解剖的過程中發現，它當時可能還沒有與現代人類語言發音相近的聲音。其語言結構與現代人類的語言結構相比有一定的缺陷，但比黑猩猩使用的基本語言功能發達。圖爾卡納男孩的發現表明猿人聲帶發聲功能的存在。
事實證明，猿人所具有的一係列進步性特征大大地擴大了其適應性。因此，猿人再不像他們之前的那些人科成員那樣僅僅在非洲的原野上徘徊，而是在後來的歲月裏頑強地走出了非洲，散布到亞洲的廣大區域以及歐洲的許多地區。
Origin of the Human in Bible—Adam and Eve 聖經中人類的起源——亞當和夏娃
When God made thefirst man,he called him Adam and put him in a beautiful garden,the Garden of Eden.Here Adam lived in peace with all the animals.God gave Adam eternal[8]life.But before God mad thefirst woman,Adam was lonely in the garden.When God saw that Adam was lonely,he mad[9]Eve.God took a rib from Adam when he was asleep one night.From Adam’s rib,God made Eve.Adam was happy when he woke up the next morning and found Eve next to him.God said to Adam and Eve.“Here in the garden you have everything,but you cannot have one thing：you cannot eat the apples from the Tree of Knowledge.”
One day Satan came to the Garden of Eden.He changed into a serpent and went to live in the Tree of Knowledge.When Eve came near the tree one day,the serpent called her.He gave her an apple and said，“Here.Take this apple and eat it.Don\\u0027t listen to God.Eat it.”After Eve took a bite,she took the apple to Adam.He was afraid,but Eve repeated again and again，“lt\\u0027s good.Here.Eat it.Why not? So hefinally ate the apple.”
Before they ate the apple,Adam and Eve did not know that they were naked[10].But after they ate the apple,they were ashamed[11]and covered their bodies with leaves.Godwas angry with them.He said，“Leave the garden.You cannot stay here. When Adam and Eve left the garden,they had theirfirst experience of pain and hard work in the cold hard world outside.”
在上帝造出第一個男人時，他給他起名為亞當，並將其放在一座美麗的伊甸園裏。在這裏，亞當和各種動物和睦相處。上帝給了亞當永恒的生命，但在他造出第一個女人之前，亞當一個人覺得很寂寞。上帝看到了亞當的寂寞，於是，一天夜裏，上帝趁亞當睡著時從他身上取出一根肋骨，並用這根肋骨造出了第一個女人夏娃。第二天早上亞當醒來發現夏娃躺在他身旁時，非常高興。上帝對亞當和夏娃說：“你們在園中什麼都有。但有一樣東西你們不能做：不能吃智慧樹上的蘋果。”
有一天，撒旦來到伊甸園，變成一條毒蛇盤繞在智慧樹上。當夏娃來到樹旁時，毒蛇把她叫過來，給了她一顆蘋果說：“把這蘋果拿去吃掉。不要聽上帝的話，把它吃掉。”夏娃咬了一口之後把蘋果帶給亞當。亞當本來很害怕，但夏娃一再地說：“挺好的。來，把它吃掉。幹嗎不吃呢？”因此，最後他把蘋果吃掉了。