由於農業和手工業的進一步發展，男子在生產中的地位和作用越來越大，社會中心自然發生偏移，因此，母係氏族社會和父係氏族社會，是社會生產力發展的必然產物。父係氏族社會是一種新的社會文化體係，也是人類曆史上發生的最深刻變革之一。這種變革是同當時生產力的發展相適應的。
在父係氏族社會中，男性的財產權和社會地位高於女性，家庭婚姻關係也由母係氏族社會的“從妻居”改變為“從夫居”，子女自然也不再屬於母係氏族的成員而成為父係氏族的成員，成為父親財產的繼承者。隨著社會生產力的發展和勞動成果的剩餘，一些人能夠占有他人的勞動成果，並利用這些成果役使他人，於是，貧富現象出現，私有財產開始萌芽。貧富懸殊的變化是階級產生的基礎，到父係氏族社會的後期，氏族社會開始土崩瓦解，階級社會開始出現。
4.The Legend of the Great Flood 大洪荒的傳說
The Legend of the World 世界性的傳說
A flood myth or deluge myth is a mythical or religious story of a great flood sent by a deity or deities to destroy civilization as an act of divine retribution.It is a theme widespread among many cultures,though it is perhaps best known in modern times through the biblical and Quranic account of Noah\\u0027s Ark,the Hindu puranic story of Manu,through Deucalion in Greek mythology or Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh.
洪水神話或洪荒傳說是關於神引發大洪水的神話或宗教故事，講的是一場大洪水毀滅人類文明的故事，是上帝或神為了處罰人類而進行的一場破壞。洪水神話在世界上許多文化中都是一個廣泛流行的主題——盡管它也許因為近代印度教馬努的故事、聖經和古蘭經中的諾亞方舟、希臘神話中的丟卡利翁、吉爾伽美什史詩中的阿特拉哈西斯以及中國的大禹治水而更為人知。
Greek Mythology：Deucalion and Flood 希臘神話：丟卡利翁與洪水
Towards the end of the Age of Bronze,people in world became very cruel,hungry,impolite and ungodly.Neither righteous or law was respected any longer,and the rule of hospitality was forgotten.
One day,Dressed up in human form,Zeus visited Arcadia and Thessaly.Hating the deadly wrong of men,he decided to clear the earth of them.Without hesitation,he brought the rainy south wind and called upon the heartless Poseidon to help.Soon the whole world sank in a vast ocean,and the entire human race disappeared in the unheard of flood,all but two poor Thessalians.
These were an old couple,kind and faithful and contented with life.The man was called Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha.Son of Prometheus,Deucalion had been warned beforehand[1]by his father of the coming flood and made himself a huge chest.When the roaring flood came,the couple hid themselves in it and floated for nine days until it touched land again on Mt Parnassus.
The active world presented a frightening sight.It was all death and ruin.Feeling lonely and unsafe,the old couple prayed to the gods for help.A sage instructed them to cast the bones of their mother.They having guessed the true meaning of the mysterious command,started throwing stones behind him.A miracle occurred.The stones that the man cast became men；the stones that the woman threw turned into women.Since then,people appeared on the land again.The Heroic Age had begun.
到了青銅期末代，人類世界變得非常殘忍、貪婪、粗魯且不虔誠。公理與法律不再受到尊重。殷勤好客的風俗被遺忘。
一日，宙斯裝扮成凡人的樣子視察阿卡迪亞和色薩利兩地。他不喜歡凡人極度的罪惡，決心將他們從地球上鏟除。他毫不猶豫地釋放了夾雨的南風，並召來冷酷無情的波塞冬協助他，很快整個人類世界淹沒在一片汪洋之中。除了兩名恭順的色薩利人幸免於難外，人類被史無前例的洪水吞噬。
這對色薩利老夫妻善良、虔誠、對生活心滿意足。這個丈夫是普羅米修斯的兒子，名叫丟卡利翁，他的妻子名為皮拉。丟卡利翁的父親事先就警告他會爆發洪水，因此，他特意做了個巨大的箱子。當咆哮的洪水湧來時，夫妻倆就躲藏在箱中，這樣漂泊了九天，最終漂到了帕那薩斯山。
曾經生機勃勃的大地呈現出恐怖的景象。死亡與毀滅四處蔓延。老夫妻深感孤獨和危險。他們就向上帝祈禱，乞求幫助。一位聖人指示他們把母親的遺骨擲向四周。他們馬上悟出了這個神秘指示所隱含的意義。他們開始將石頭拋向身後。奇跡出現了，男人拋出的石頭變成了男人，女人拋的則變成了女人。從此人類再次在陸地上出現，英雄時代也隨之來臨。
Emperor Yu Tames the Flood 大禹治水
It is said that Yu the Great was the chief of the legendary Xiahou clan.He was originally called Yu or Xiayu.The Yellow River flooded during the reign of Emperor Yao（Yanhuang tribal alliance\\u0027s first leader），water washed away villages and house,the people were forced to abandon their villages,and go to live in trees or on mountaintops.The flood brought great misery to the people.At that time,Emperor Yao appointed Gun to tame the flood.Gun built dikes to keep back the water,but failed.
After Yao,Shun became the leader of the tribal alliance,he killed Gun,and appointed Gun\\u0027s son Yu to continue with the flood-harnessing work.Yu learned lessons from Gun,Switching the dredging method to lead the flood waters to flow along river courses into the sea.Yu worked very hard.It was said that he spent 13 years taming the floods；he passed through his home three times,but did not enter.Finally,Yu subdued the floods.As a result of his successful efforts,the people bestowed on him the title“Yu the Great”and Shun chose Yu as his successor,with the approval of the tribal leader.After Shun\\u0027s death,Yu became the leader of tribal alliances.
At that time the flood had just put down,vegetation lush,and wild beasts grew rampant,threatening the survival of the people.Yu sent someone to teach people how to dominate the land and feed themselves in a regular and organized way.People\\u0027s lives gradually settle down.Then,Yu has launched a war on Miao,to prevent them from entering the Yellow River Basin；Huaxia consolidated position in the Central Plains region.
About 2070 BC,Yu established the Xia Dynasty,the first dynasty in Chinese history.After Yu\\u0027s death,his son Qi succeeded to the throne,cause Youhu clan revolt.Crushing an attempt to overthrow him by the Youhu clan,his status has been recognized by tribes.From then on,system of hereditary was overthrown by the leader of the kingdom of shang.The Xia Dynasty lasted over 400 years,ultimately fallen down because of political decay.
相傳，大禹是夏後氏部落的首領，原稱“禹”，也稱“夏禹”。帝堯（炎黃部落聯盟的第一位首領）時，黃河發大水，水衝毀了村莊和房屋，人民被迫離開村莊，他們隻能住到樹上和山頂上。洪水給人們帶來了巨大的災難。那時，堯任用鯀治理洪水，鯀采用築堤堵水的辦法治水，遭到了失敗。
堯之後，擔任部落聯盟首領的舜殺死了鯀，然後命令鯀的兒子禹繼續治水。禹吸取了鯀的教訓，改用疏導的方法治水，讓洪水順河道流向大海。禹辛勤地在外治水13年，三次經過家門都沒有時間進去看看。最後，禹終於製服了水患。人們感謝禹，尊稱他為“大禹”。由於他治水成功，舜征得各部落首領的同意，推舉禹為繼承人。舜死後，禹便成為部落聯盟的首領。
那時洪水剛剛平定，草木茂盛，野獸危害人民，禹派人教百姓開辟耕地，收獲糧食。人民的生活漸漸安定下來。之後，禹又對苗族發動戰爭，阻止他們進入黃河流域，鞏固了華夏族在中原地區的地位。
約公元前2070年，禹建立夏朝，是中國曆史上第一個王朝。後來禹死了，他的兒子啟繼承了禹的位置，引起有扈氏部落的反抗。啟打敗了有扈氏以後，他的地位得到了各部落的承認。從此世襲製代替了禪讓製。夏朝曆經400多年，最終因政治腐朽而滅亡。
[1]beforehand adv.預先，事先