1.AWolf Feeds the Country 母狼喂出的國家
The Legend of Twins 雙胞胎的傳說
The twin brothers Romulus and Remus were the sons of the God Mars.When they were very young they were abandoned by the banks of the River Tiber and left to fend for themselves.Luckily for them,they were found by a she-wolf who took pity on them fed them with her milk.Later a shepherd found the boys and took them home to look after them.He ended up raising the boys as his own children.The boys grew up to be very strong and clever,so they decided to build a town on the spot where the Shepherd had found them.Shortly after building the town the twins had a big argument about who should be in charge.Romulus overpowered his brother Remus who died in the fight.Romulus then became the first king of this town which he named Rome.
As you can see,the early days of the City of Romeare surrounded with mystery.In fact,many Historians believe is based upon circumstance as there is little evidence remaining of what Rome was like two and a half thousand years ago.What we do have is a Legend,a story that is partly based on fact,partly based on fiction.
羅慕路斯和雷穆斯這對雙胞胎兄弟是戰神的兒子。小的時候，他們被遺棄在台伯河中，失去了母親的照顧。幸運的是，一隻母狼發現了他們並且喂他們吃奶。後來，一個牧羊人發現了他們，把他們帶到自己的家裏照顧。他將男孩當作自己的親生孩子來撫養。孩子們長大後變得非常強大、聰明，他們決定在牧羊人發現了自己的地方建立一個城市。城市建立不久後，兄弟倆因為誰應該成為城市的主人產生了爭論。羅慕路斯最終殺死了他的兄弟雷穆斯，成為第一位國王，城市則因羅慕洛斯的名字而命名為羅馬。
由此可見，羅馬早期的曆史充滿了傳奇色彩。事實上，許多曆史學家基於目前可知的少量的證據推測出了幾千年前羅馬的麵貌。比如，我們知道的羅慕路斯和雷穆斯的故事，它部分是事實，部分隻是傳說。
The Growth of Rome 帝國的成長
Rome was founded in about 750 BC.At first Rome was a tiny village,surrounded by lots of other little villages that ran their own affairs.By 130AD though Rome controlled most of Europe,had conquered Britain and had an empire that stretched a long way into Asia and across Northern Africa.
From 753 BC to 509 BC,Rome was ruled by Kings.lt became a Republic because the people of Rome didn\\u0027t like the way that King Tarquinius had ruled：they said he was a tyrant（Nasty and greedy man）.
The Republic（a country without a King or Emperor）was set up to make sure that there weren\\u0027t any more Tyrants in charge of Rome.In the Republic there were different parts of the Government.The Three main parts of the government were the Senate,the consuls and the Assemblies.The Senate was a bit like our parliament.People were elected by citizens and they had a discussion then voted to decide what should and should not happen.The Senators（people in the senate）elected two consuls to act as leaders.These men decided what would be discussed and had a lot of extra powers.The people though had a lot of power as they could vote to say yes or no to decisions at an Assembly.An Assembly was a gathering of Roman citizens.At these gatherings the citizens discussed new Laws and voted on them to decide whether or not they should become Law.
The citizens also elected new senators and consuls at these meetings.The rich had more votes than the other citizens so power was not shared equally.Rich citizens had more political power.Those without vote-women,slaves and those people born in the provinces-had the least power.The Roman Republic lasted for more than 450 years until Octavian became Emperor（he later changed his name to Augustus）.
In the 2nd and 1st centuries,the Senate was composed of a group of aristocrats whom desired more and more power for themselves.With a growing population,Rome began to experience social unrest as more and more people became even poorer.While Roman soldiers were fighting the Punic Wars,their lands had been acquired by the wealthy that could afford to buy large estates.These elites also pushed many poor farmers out that were then recruited for military service.An estimated 19，000 people had left Rome by 136 BC.These landless men could have been recruited for the army.After the Gracchi deaths,the Republic steadily declined as political parties became incredibly competitive.Assassinations,civil war,violence,and bribery marked this period of decline.Egotistical military leaders marched to Rome and took over,but were soon made victims.With the rise and assassination of Julius Caesar,the Republicfinally collapsed because theSenate had been behind the conspiracy.Inevitably,Augustus used his political strength to gain the popularity of the people and the army.He soon became the Princepate of Rome and all power was given to him.Symbolically,the Senate continued to function but with little political influence it never regained its former power.
羅馬城大約在公元前約750年建成。起初，羅馬隻是一個小村莊，與周圍的許多其他的小村子一樣管理自己的事務。但是，在公元130年，羅馬控製了歐洲大部分地區，征服了不列顛群島，勢力延伸到亞洲和非洲北部。
從公元前753年到509年，羅馬一直都是由君主專製的國王統治的。但後來，羅馬成為了共和國，因為羅馬人民不喜歡當時的國王塔奎尼烏斯的統治——他們說他是個暴君（肮髒的、貪婪的人）。
共和國（國家沒有國王或皇帝）的成立，是為了確保羅馬不被暴君統治。在共和國時期，有不同的政府部門。政府的三個主要部門是元老院、執政官和公民會議。元老院有點像今天的議會，由被選出來的貴族討論投票來決定重要事務。元老院選舉出的兩個執政官擔任行政負責人，他們掌管日常的行政事務。公民會議是羅馬公民的一個組織機構。在這些會議中由公民投票來決定製訂新的法律。公民也可以在這些會議中當選為新的元老和官員。富人比其他公民擁有更多的權利，比如選舉權，因此，他們不能享有平等的權利。富有的市民有更多的政治權力，而婦女，奴隸和那些出生在外省的人則沒有被選舉權和選舉權。羅馬共和國持續了大約450年，直到屋大維成為皇帝（他後來改名為奧古斯都）。
在公元元年前後，由元老院組成的貴族越來越渴望獲得權利。隨之人口的增長，羅馬的社會開始動蕩，越來越多的人變得更加貧窮。而在迦太基戰爭中戰鬥的羅馬士兵，他們的土地已被有錢的人買走並把許多貧窮的農民趕走，然後被招募入伍。到公元前136年時，估計有19，000人離開了羅馬。這些失去土地的男性大多被招募進入軍隊。在格拉古兄弟去世後，共和國開始衰落。暗殺、南北戰爭、暴力以及賄賂都成為這一時期的標誌。軍事獨裁者進入了羅馬，但很快就成為受害者。共和國在元老院陰謀刺殺了凱撒後徹底崩潰。而奧古斯卻用他的政治實力獲得了人民和軍隊的支持。他很快成為羅馬及其所有征服地區的統治者。此時，雖然元老院名義上繼續存在，但已不複往日的政治影響力。
Army：Super Power of Empire 軍隊：帝國強盛的力量
The Army was the main reason for Rome became such a large empire.It was also the tool that the Romans ruled and conquered the people.In order to achieve this target,army had to built very loyal and highly organized.The army was made up of Roman Citizens and people who had previously fought against the Romans.To make sure that the auxilia（ordinary or enslaved soldier）remained loyal,the Romans did several things.First they were placed with legions that were based a long way.Second they would get freedoms and possibly citizenship upon the completion of 25 years service.Both of these were highly valued by the auxilia and there was very little evidence of these soldiers rebelling against their Roman masters.The army was organized in a very simple way.800 Legionairres（Roman Citizens who were in the army）would form a Legion.This would be split into centuries（80 men）controlled by a Centurion.These units would be divided into smaller groups with different jobs to perform on a daily basis.There were many legions throughout the empire；with more in the outlying regions（Britain for example had 4 legions at the time of the invasion）.Each legion would have a General who would receive orders from Rome and make reports back to Rome.In the Provinces（countries conquered and ruled by Rome）there would also be a Governor for whom they would work.The Roman soldier was well equipped,well trained and well looked after.They had superior methods of training and used techniques such as the tortoise to ensure that they were strong in battle.
羅馬軍隊
羅馬軍隊是羅馬成為這樣一個大帝國的主要原因，同時也是羅馬帝國用來統治和征服人民的工具。為了實現這個目標，羅馬不得不建立非常忠誠並具有高度組織性的軍隊。羅馬軍隊由羅馬公民和曾反抗羅馬人的外族組成。為了確保輔助士兵（普通或奴役的士兵）對國家保持忠誠，羅馬人做了這樣幾件事。首先，士兵被安置在距離自己家鄉很遠的地方；其次，他們在完成25年的服役後將得到自由和公民權。這些都起到很好的效果，因為很少有證據證明這些士兵反抗過羅馬。羅馬軍隊選用一個非常簡單的方法進行管理。軍隊中的羅馬公民將形成一個軍團。然後將其分裂成由一個百夫長控製的戰鬥單位（800人）。這些部隊再分成更小的作戰單位，每天執行不同的作戰任務。在整個帝國內，特別是在邊遠地區（英國，例如有4個軍團在入侵時）部署了很多軍團。每個軍團會接受來自羅馬的命令並向羅馬複命。在州（羅馬征服和統治的國家）還將有為州長工作的軍團。這些羅馬士兵裝備精良，訓練有素，後勤補給良好。他們卓越的訓練方法和軍事技術，保證了他們的戰鬥能力。
Empire\\u0027s Peak 帝國的鼎盛
During the reign of Octavian,after a bitter fight year,he attracted the tribe in northern Spain,in BC 19 years completely conquered Spain.From 16 BC onwards the Ministry of Imperial troops Alps and the Danube upstream,established two provinces,Ray pedicle and norick.Then he sent troops to the Danube River,the establishment of Pannonia and Mixi Yatwo provinces.During 12 BC to 5 BC after a prolonged war,he conquered the land between the Rhine to the Elbe.But the new land continues to riots.ln 9 BC,the Roman general Varusin suffered the uprising of the Germanic but the whole army was annihilated,so Rome not to give up the Rhine to the Elbe between the land.After Octavian haven\\u0027t hold major conquest,followed by over a hundred years is a long period of stability,called the Roman peace.
屋大維在位期間，經過對西班牙北部部落的連年苦戰，在公元前19年完全征服了西班牙。從公元前16年起羅馬帝國出兵阿爾卑斯山東部和多瑙河上遊，建立了雷蒂安和諾裏克兩個行省。接著又出兵多瑙河中下遊，建立潘諾尼亞和米西亞兩行省。羅馬在公元前12年到公元前5年間經過連年征戰，征服了萊茵河到易北河之間的土地。但新征服的土地不斷發生暴動。公元前9年，羅馬將領瓦魯斯在鎮壓日耳曼人起義中全軍覆沒，以至於羅馬不得已放棄萊茵河到易北河間的土地。之後沒有進行大規模的征伐，隨後的百餘年是一段很長的穩定局麵，稱之為羅馬和平時期。
2.God\\u0027s“Gospel”上帝的“福音”
Christmas Day is December 25 which celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ,the founder of the Christian religion,is the biggest and best-loved holiday in the West Countries.
According to the Bible[1]，the holy book of Christians,God decided to allow his only son,Jesus Christ,to be born to a human mother and live on earth so that people could understand God better and learn to love God and each other.“Christmas”meaning“celebration of Christ”honors the time when Jesus was born by a young Jewish woman Maria.