第二十六章 “地球村的”村委會——聯合國(3 / 3)

安全理事會由15個成員國組成,其中5個為常任理事國:中國、法國、俄羅斯、英國和美國,10個非常任理事國;5個常任理事國擁有否決非程序性議案的權利。因此,任何一個常任理事國能夠否決它們不接受的決議,但不能阻止對這項決議的討論。凡非程序性決議案,必須得到安理會15個理事國中至少9票以上讚成,並且5個常任理事國中沒有一國投反對票才能通過,即常任理事國投反對票通常被稱為“行使否決權。10個非常任理事國任期兩年,在確保區域平衡的前提下由聯合國大會選舉產生。安理會主席一職按理事國國名英語字母順序每月輪換。”

Secretary-General of UN 聯合國秘書長

The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General,who acts as the spokesperson and leader of the UN.

Envisioned by Franklin D.Roosevelt as a“world moderator”,the position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization\\u0027s“chief administrative officer”,but the Charter also states that the Secretary-General can bring to the Security Council\\u0027s attention“any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security”,giving the position greater scope for action on the world stage.The position has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization,and a diplomat[11]and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues.

The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly,after being recommended by the Security Council,any member of which can veto,and the General Assembly can theoretically override the Security Council\\u0027s recommendation if a majority vote is not achieved,although this has not happened so far.The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon,who took over from Kofi Annan in 2007 and has been elected for a second term to conclude at the end of 2016.

秘書長是秘書處的領導人,同時也是聯合國的發言人和領袖。在美國總統羅斯福的設想裏,聯合國秘書長應是一位國際事務調停者。按照聯合國憲章的定義,這一職位是該組織的行政首長。同時,憲章許可秘書長得將其所認為可能威脅國際和平及安全之任何事件提請安理會注意的職責,使其在世界舞台上有更大的活動空間。該職位現已演變為聯合國的雙重管理角色:外交官和發言人,負責解決成員國之間的糾紛,並在國際性問題上謀求共識。

秘書長由安全理事會提名,並由聯合國大會表決任命;在理論上,如果聯大表決時未達多數票數,安理會的提名可被否決,但該情況至今尚未發生過。現任秘書長是潘基文,他在2007年從科菲·安南手中接任了這一職務。潘基文的第一次任期在2011年結束,其後他再獲委任到2016年。

International Court of Justice 國際法院

The International Court of Justice(ICJ),is the primary judicial[12]organ of the United Nations.Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter.The Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of lnternational Justice.

It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague,Netherlands,sharing the building with the Hague Academy of lnternational Law,a private centre for the study of international law.Several of the Court\\u0027s current judges are either alumni or former faculty members of the Academy.Its purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states.The court has heard cases related to war crimes,illegal state interference and ethnic cleansing,among others,and continues to hear cases.

A related court,the lnternational Criminal Court(ICC),began operating in 2002 through international discussions initiated by the General Assembly.It is the first permanent international court charged with trying those who commit the most serious crimes under international law,including war crimes and genocide.The ICC is functionally independent of the UN in terms of personnel andfinancing,but some meetings of the ICC governing body,the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute,are held at the UN.There is a“relationship agreement”between the ICC and the UN that governs how the two institutions regard each other legally.

國際法院是聯合國的主要司法機構。它於1945年根據聯合國憲章成立,並在次年取代常設國際法院開始運作。

國際法院位於荷蘭海牙和平宮,與一所私立的國際法研究中心——海牙國際法學院共用一座建築。國際法院的部分現任法官亦是該學院的校友或前教員。聯合國設立國際法院的目的是裁決國家之間的糾紛。國際法院曾審理過戰爭罪、非法的國家幹預及種族清洗的案件,其中,仍有案件尚在審理中。

2002年,在經過了聯合國大會發起的一係列國際討論後,國際法院的一個相關部門國際刑事法院開始運作:這是首個負責審判觸犯國際法最嚴重罪行(包括戰爭罪和種族滅絕罪)的常設國際法院。國際刑事法院在人事和財政上獨立於聯合國運作;但是,國際刑事法院理事機構的一些會議、《羅馬規約》締約國大會則由聯合國負責舉辦。國際刑事法院和聯合國定立了關係協定,以規範和指導雙方的關係與合作。

[1]principal adj.最重要的;主要的

[2]trusteeship n.托管人的地位(或職責);托管(區域)

[3]intergovernmental adj.政府間的

[4]convene vt.&vi.召開,召集

[5]suspension n.暫停,中止

[6]expulsion n.噴出,排出

[7]budgetary adj.預算上的

[8]substantive adj.真的,真實的,實在的,實際的

[9]procedural adj.程序上的

[10]temporary adj.臨時的,暫時的,短時間的

[11]diplomat n.外交官

[12]judicial adj.司法的,法庭的,審判的