1.We Have Computer—The lnformation Technology 我們都有電腦了——信息技術
Human society has entered the information age.The world\\u0027s first digital computer produced in 1946，after the advent of the first 10 years,nothing to do with computers and communications.At that time the computer to“Computing Center”service mode worked.Until 1954，a transceiver（transceiver）of the terminal[1]manufacturers came out,it is only the first time using this terminal through the telephone line to send data for remote computer.Since then,computer and communications begin with,computer center service model gradually give way to the computer network service model.The combination of computer and communication are two aspects：on the one hand,communication networks,data transmission[2]between the computers and provide the necessary means of exchange；other hand,the penetration[3]of computer technology to communications technology,but also improves the performance of communications networks.It proved that the emergence and development of computer networks,data communication on human development of society and had a profound impact.
From the late 1980s,the lnternet（lnternet）the rapid development of the lnternet to become the world\\u0027s largest international computer lnternet.Since 1990s,the world access to the lnternet era.In order to adopt the needs of rapid growth in the number of users,improve quality of service,in the future the idea is that building a new generation of the lnternet and develop the area under the network structure,to achieve the following main objectives：
（1）lt significantly improve the network transmission rate,the end of the transmission rate to more than 100Mbps to 10Gbps.
（2）To use high-speed all optical network,to achieve faster switching and routing,both the bandwidth reserved for the ability of real-time applications.
（3）Management and information throughout the lnternet reliability,security aspects have a lot of improvement.
（4）The use of more advanced Web services technology develop with the changing nature of many applications such as high-performance global communications,telemedicine,distance learning and so on.
Looking ahead,with the development of computer network technology,communications and information processing technology,computer networks and data communications have immeasurable[4]space for development.
人類社會已進入信息化時代。1946年，世界上第一台數字電子計算機問世，在問世後最初的10年裏，計算機和通信沒有什麼關係。當時計算機以“計算中心的服務模式工作。直至1954年，一種收發器終端製造出來後，人們才首次在這種終端上通過電話線路將數據發送到遠方的計算機。此後，計算機開始與通信結合，計算中心的服務模式逐漸讓位於計算機網絡的服務模式。計算機與通信相結合主要體現在兩個方麵：一方麵，通信網絡為計算機之間的數據傳輸和交換提供了必要的手段；另一方麵，計算機技術的發展滲透到通信技術，又提高了通信網絡的性能。實踐表明，計算機網絡的產生與發展，對人類社會及數據通信的發展產生了深遠的影響。”
從20世紀80年代末期以來，因特網飛速發展，並成為世界上最大的國際性計算機互聯網。從20世紀90年代開始，世界進入因特網時代。為了適應用戶數量迅猛增長的需要、提高服務質量，在今後建造新一代因特網的設想並開發下一帶網絡結構，實現以下主要目標：
（1）大大提高網絡的傳輸速率，其端到端的傳輸速率要超過100Mbps，最高達10Gbps。
（2）采用高速全光纜網絡，實現更快速的交換和路由選擇，同時具有為實時應用保留帶寬的能力。
（3）在整個因特網的管理和信息可靠性、安全性方麵要有很大的改進。
（4）使用更加先進的網絡服務技術，開發許多帶有變更性的應用，如高性能全球通信、遠程醫療、遠程教學等。
展望未來，隨著計算機網絡技術、通信技術和信息處理技術的不斷發展，計算機網絡和數據通信有著不可估量的發展空間。它們必將向著數字化、綜合化、寬帶化方向發展。
[1]terminal adj.末端的，終點的，極限的
[2]transmission n.傳送，傳播，傳達；播送
[3]penetration n.穿透；穿透能力；穿透深度；滲透；侵入
[4]immeasurable adj.無法計量的，無限的
2.Hell and Heaven Within one World—The Nuclear Technology 地獄與天堂同在——核技術
What is Nuclear Explosion 什麼是核爆炸
Nuclear detonations[1]are the most devastating of the weapons of mass destruction.To make this point one need only recall the pictures from Hiroshima or the international furor over the accidental but enormous radiation release from the Chernobyl power plant.The contamination from Chernobyl was significantly larger than would have been expected from a nuclear detonation of about 20 kT at ground level.
A nuclear detonation creates a severe environment including blast,thermal pulse,neutrons,x-and gamma-rays,radiation,electromagnetic pulse（EMP），and ionization of the upper atmosphere.Depending upon the environment in which the nuclear de-vice is detonated,blast effects are manifested as ground shock,water shock,lueout,cratering[2]，and large amounts of dust and radioactive fallout.
The energy of a nuclear explosion is transferred to the surrounding[3]85 medium in three distinct forms：blast；thermal radiation；and nuclear radiation.The distribution of energy among these three forms will depend on the yield of the weapon,the location of the burst,and the characteristics of the environment.For a low altitude atmospheric detonation of a moderate sized weapon in the kiloton range,the energy is distributed roughly as follows：
50%as blast；
35%as thermal radiation；it made up of a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum,including infrared,visible,and ultraviolet light and some soft x-ray emitted at the time of the explosion；
15%as nuclear radiation；it including 5%as initial ionizing radiation consisting chiefly of neutrons and gamma rays emitted within the first minute after detonation,and 10%as residual[4]nuclear radiation.Residual nuclear radiation is the hazard in fallout.
Considerable variation from this distribution will occur with changes in yield or location of the detonation.
The relative effects of blast,heat,and nuclear radiation will largely be determined by the altitude at which the weapon is detonated.Nuclear explosions are generally classified as high altitude bursts,air bursts,surface bursts,or subsurface bursts.
核爆炸是大規模殺傷性武器中的最具破壞性的力量。想要了解它的破壞力之強大，人們隻需想起廣島和切爾諾貝利核輻射泄漏而引發大規模混亂的畫麵就可以直觀地感受到。切爾諾貝利核事故造成的汙染遠遠超過相當20，000噸核爆炸在地麵爆炸所產生的汙染。
核爆炸將產生巨大的環境汙染和破壞，包括衝擊波、熱輻射、中子、X射線和γ射線、輻射、電磁脈衝（EMP）和高層大氣電離；並根據不同地點引爆，其影響效果將表現為地麵震動、水衝擊、撕裂天空、地麵露天礦以及大量粉塵和放射性輻射。
核武器爆炸釋放的能量將以三個不同的形式傳遞給周圍的環境：爆炸、熱輻射和核輻射。這三種形式的能量分布會根據核的數量、爆炸的位置、周圍的環境特點而有所不同。對於一個中等水平千噸核炸彈引爆時的條件下，在低海拔時的能量一般分布：
50％的衝擊波；
35％的熱輻射，它由電磁波組成，包括紅外線，可見光，紫外線以及軟X射線釋放出一些爆炸性的涉射線；
15％的核輻射，包括5％的電離輻射，這主要來自內部的中子和γ射線組件分鍾爆炸性釋放。10％的剩餘核輻射，這是剩餘帶放射性沉降物的核輻射。
同等條件下，在不同的爆炸現場，核輻射的分布可能存在重大的變化。
衝擊、高溫、核輻射的產生在很大程度上取決於一個與高度相關的效應引爆。核爆炸一般分為高空爆炸、空中爆炸、地麵爆炸和地下爆炸。
Atomic Weapons of America 美國的核武器
In 1940，the U.S.government began funding its own atomic weapons development program,which came under the joint responsibility of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the War Department after the U.S.entry into World War ll.The U.S.Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with spearheading the construction of the vast facilities necessary for the top-secret program,codenamed“The Manhattan Project （for the engineering corps\\u0027Manhattan district）.On the morning of July 16，1945，the Manhattan Project held itsfirst successful test of an atomic device—a plutonium bomb at the Trinity test site at Alamogordo,New Mexico.”