By the time of the Trinity test,the Allied powers had already defeated Germany in Europe.Japan,however,vowed to fight to the bitter end in the Pacific.In late July 1945，Japan\\u0027s militarist government rejected the Allied demand for surrender put forth in the Potsdam Declaration,which threatened the Japanese with“prompt and utter destruction”if they refused.In order to avoid a high casualty[5]rate,Truman decided to use the atomic bomb in the hopes of bringing the war to a quick end.
1940年，美國政府開始出資進行核武器研發項目，美國加入第二次世界大戰之後，這個項目就由科學研究和發展辦公室與陸軍部共同責任。美國陸軍工程兵部隊的任務是為絕密計劃的需要提供大量設施建設，代號為“曼哈頓工程（因為工程兵所在地為曼哈頓工程區）。1945年7月16日上午，曼哈頓項目在新墨西哥州阿拉莫戈多的三位一體試驗基地成功舉行爆炸了第一顆原子彈——一顆鈈原子彈。”
美國在進行原子彈三位一體測試時，同盟國已經在歐洲已經擊敗了德國。然而，日本發誓在太平洋地區死戰到底。1945年7月下旬，日本軍國主義政府拒絕了《波茨坦宣言》中盟軍的投降要求，於是，同盟國宣言明確表示要“迅速徹底地摧垮日本。為了避免增加戰爭的傷亡率，杜魯門總統決定使用原子彈以迅速結束戰爭。”
Mushroom Cloud of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 廣島、長崎上空的蘑菇雲
Hiroshima,a manufacturing center of some 350，000 people located about 500 miles from Tokyo,was selected as the first target by American.A modified B-29 bomber dropped the bomb known as“Little Boy”by parachute[6]at 8：15 in the morning on August 6，1945，and it exploded 2，000 feet above Hiroshima in a blast[7]equal to 12，000-15，000 tons of TNT.The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80，000 people；tens of thousands more would later die of radiation[8]exposure[9].However,Hiroshima\\u0027s devastation[10]failed to elicit[11]immediate Japanese surrender.Three days later,a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb-“Fat Man”on Nagasaki,killing anestimated 40，000 people.
Japan\\u0027s Emperor Hirohito announced his country\\u0027s unconditional surrender in World War ll in a radio address on August 15，1945，citing the devastating[12]power of“a new and most cruel bomb.”The formal surrender agreement was signed on September 2，aboard the U.S.aircraft[13]carrier Missouri,anchored[14]in Tokyo Bay.
廣島，日本的製造中心，人口約350，000人，距東京約500英裏，被美國選定為第一個轟炸目標。1945年8月6日上午8：15，一架經過改裝的B-29型轟炸機在廣島上空2，000英尺的地方用降落傘投下被稱為“小男孩的原子彈——該原子彈爆炸的威力相當於1.2～1.5萬噸TNT型炸藥。爆炸摧毀了這個城市百分之九十的範圍，有八萬人當場死亡，之後又有數萬人死於核輻射。然而，廣島的災難並沒有使日本立即投降。三天後，第二架B-29轟炸機在長崎投下第二顆原子彈——胖子，造成約四萬人死亡。”
1945年8月15日，日本裕仁天皇通過廣播宣布日本在第二次世界大戰中無條件投降，同時指出了“一個新的最殘酷的炸彈的毀滅性的力量。9月2日，日本在停泊於東京灣的美國航空母艦密蘇裏號上正式簽署了投降協議。”
Nuclear Power\\u0027s New Age 核能的新時代
Now nuclear power has a second chance.Its revival is most visible in America,where power companies are preparing toflood the Nuclear Regulatory Commission with applications to build new plants.But the tide seems to be turning in other countries,too.Finland is building a reactor.The British government is preparing the way for new planning regulations.In Australia,which has plenty of uranium but no reactors,the prime minister,John Howard,says nuclear power is“inevitable.”
Geopolitics,technology,economics and the environment are all changing in nuclear power\\u0027s favor.Western governments are concerned that most of the world\\u0027s oil and gas is in the hands of hostile or shaky governments.Much of the nuclear industry\\u0027s raw material,uranium,by contrast,is conveniently located in friendly places such as Australia and Canada.
Besides,simpler designs cut maintenance and repair costs.Shut-downs are now far less frequent,so that a typical station in America is now online 90%of the time,up from less than 50%in the 1970s.
Technology has thus improved nuclear\\u0027s economics.Nuclear power stations are hugely expensive to build but very cheap to run.Gas-fired power stations,the bulk of new build in the 1980s and 1990s is the reverse.Costly gas has therefore made existing nuclear plants tremendously[15]profitable.
The latest boost to nuclear has come from climate change.Nuclear power offers the possibility of large quantities of baseload electricity that is cleaner than coal,more secure than gas and more reliable than wind.The industry\\u0027s image is thus turning from black to green.
Yet the economics of nuclear still look uncertain,because nuclear combines hugefixed costs with political risk.Companies fear that,after they have invested billions in a plant,the political tide will turn once more and bankrupt them.Investors therefore remain nervous.
目前核能再次受到重視。它的複興在美國最為明顯，很多電力公司正準備向核管理委員會提出申請，要求興建新的核電廠。其他國家似乎也出現了這樣的趨勢：芬蘭正在興建一座核反應堆；英國政府準備為發展核能製定新的規章製度；澳大利亞擁有足夠多的鈾，但沒有核反應堆，澳大利亞總理霍華德明確表示，核能是“必須的。”
區域政治、技術、經濟和環境因素正在改變人們對核能的態度，令它再次獲得人類的青睞。西方政府認為，石油和天然氣大都掌握在不友好和不穩定的國家手中，而核原料卻蘊藏在澳大利亞和加拿大這些友好的國家中。
此外，核電廠設計簡單，這對於減少維護和修理費用大有裨益。現如今，核電廠關閉的概率也比以往小得多。正常情況下，美國的核電廠一年有90％的時間在運營，遠遠高於20世紀70年代的50％的比例。
科技進步同樣提高了核能的經濟效益。興建核電廠費用不菲，但是運轉起來非常便宜。20世紀80年代和90年代興建的大量燃氣型發電廠則剛好相反。在天然氣價格日益上漲的情況下，核電廠的成本相對較低，使得它的利潤頗為豐厚。
核能重新受到重視的另一個原因是氣候變化。核能比煤炭更清潔，比天然氣更有保障，比風能更穩定——核能為我們提供了一種更環保的發電方式。
但是，核能的經濟效益還有很多不確定性。興建核電廠伴隨著巨大的政治風險。一些公司擔心，一旦政治動向發生變化，興建核電廠的巨額投資有可能得不到回報。
[1]detonation n.爆炸（聲）
[2]crater n.火山口
[3]85surrounding n.環境；周圍的事物
[4]residual adj.存留下來的；剩餘的；殘餘的
[5]casualty n.意外事故；傷亡人員；急診室；急症；災變、事故
[6]parachute n.降落傘vi.跳傘
[7]blast n.爆炸；衝擊波；一陣vi.猛攻vt.使枯萎；損害；爆炸
[8]radiation n.輻射；發光；放射物；放射
[9]exposure n.暴露；曝光；陳列；揭露
[10]devastation n.毀壞，荒廢；破壞
[11]elicit vt.抽出，引出；引起
[12]devastating adj.毀滅性的；全然的
[13]aircraft n.飛機，航空器
[14]anchor n.錨；靠山；新聞節目主播；拋錨停泊vt.拋錨；使固定；主持節目vi.拋錨
[15]tremendously adv.極大地；極端地；極其；非常
3.Space Technology 航天技術
Tools of Human\\u0027s Exploration of Space—space Technology 人類探索宇宙的工具——航天技術
The vastness exploration of the universe is a beautiful dream for thousands of years.While space technology has realized the long-cherished wish of human exploration universe.Space technology is an explorating,developing and using of space and celestial bodies other than Earth\\u0027s comprehensive engineering.It is a national comprehensive development level of modern technology,an important symbol.
Since the world\\u0027sfirst artificial earth satellite landed into space in October 4，1957 to the end of December 1990，the former Soviet Union,the United States,France,China,Japan,lndia,lsrael and the United Kingdom and other countries and the European Space Agency has developed about 80 kinds of launch vehicle,built more than 10 large-scale space launch site,the establishment of a sound global monitoring network,the world\\u0027s countries and regions have launched successful 4，127 spacecraft.It included 3，875 types of satellites，141 manned spacecraft，111 space probes,dozens of satellite application systems in operation.Currently astronauts can stay in space for up to 438 days of sustained flight,and there are 12 astronauts have gone to the moon.Space probe\\u0027s exploration activities significantly updated information on space physics and space astronomy knowledge.To the end of the century,more than 5，000 spacecraft have been in heaven.More than 100 countries and regions have carried out space activities,the use of space technology achievements,or plan to develop a national space activities.Space activities become an integral part of the economic and military department.