正文 第15章 發展援助的製度化——肯尼迪—約翰遜政府的發展援助政策(4)(1 / 3)

注釋:

【1】對肯尼迪入主白宮前外交思想的分析,詳見劉國柱著:《美國文化的新邊疆——冷戰時期的和平隊研究》,中國社會科學出版社2005年版,第56—71頁。

【2】Elizabeth A.Cobbs,"Decolonization,the Cold War,and the Foreign Policy of the Peace Corps,"Diplomatic History,Vol.20,Winter,1996,p.80.

【3】"Vice President Richard M.Nixon and Senator John F.Kennedy Fourth Joint Television—Radio Broadcast,"http://www.jfklibrary.org/60-4th.htm.

【4】John F.Kennedy,"The Economic Gap,"in The Strategy of Peace,New York:Harper &Brothers,1960,pp.45—46.

【5】John F.Kennedy,"The Economic Gap,"in The Strategy of Peace,New York:Harper &Brothers,1960,pp.45—46.

【6】John F.Kennedy,"The Reconstruction of NATO,"in The Strategy of Peace,pp.100—101.

【7】John F.Kennedy,"Africa South of the Sahara,"in The Strategy of Peace,p.128.

【8】John F.Kennedy,"Africa South of the Sahara,"in The Strategy of Peace,p.128.

【9】W.W.Rostow,Eisenhower,Kennedy,and Foreign Aid,Austin:University of Texas Press,1985,p.71.

【10】Kimber Charles Pears,Rostow,Kennedy,and the Rhetoric of Foreign Aid,Michigan:Michigan State University Press,2001,p.87.

【11】"Inaugural Address,January 20,1961,"Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,1961,Washington:United State Government Printing Office,1962,p.2.

【12】"Editorial Note,"FRUS,1961—1963,Vol.Ⅸ,p.195.

【13】"Memorandum from the President's Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs(Rostow)to President Kennedy,February 28,1961,"FRUS,1961—1963,Vol.Ⅸ,pp.204—209.

【14】"Memorandum from Secretary of State Rusk to President,March 10,1961,"FRUS,1961—1963,Vol.Ⅸ,p.210.

【15】John F.Kennedy,"Foreign Aid:Message of the President to the Congress,March 22,1961,"Department of State Bulletin,April10,1961,pp.507—514.

【16】"Letter from Secretary of Agriculture Freeman to the Under Secretary of State (Bowles),May12,1961,"FRUS,1961—1963,Vol.Ⅸ,p.238.

【17】Sargent Shriver,Report to the President on the Peace Corps,"JFKL,Box85.

【18】"Transcript of Tape Recorded Message from Sargent Shriver to Dean Rusk,May 26,1961,"JFKL,Box3.

【19】"Letter to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House Transmitting Bill Implementing the Message on Foreign Aid,May 26,1961,"Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,1961,Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1962,pp.407—411.

【20】美國政府官員包括肯尼迪總統向美國公眾公開闡述和分析政府對外援助政策的文章主要有:Chester Bowles,"Foreign Aid:The Great Decision of the Sixties,"Department of State Bulletin,May 15,1961;Dean Rusk,"A Plan for International Development,"Department of State Bulletin,June26,1961;John F.Kennedy and Dean Rusk,"Foreign Aid:an Opportunity In a Crucial Year,"Department of State Bulletin,July 3,1961;Henry R.Labouisse,"Foreign Aid:a Constructive Element of U.S.Foreign Policy,"Department of State Bulletin,August21,1961.

【21】"Statement by the President Upon Signing the Foreign Assistance Act,September 4,1961,"Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,1961,p.588.

【22】"The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961:Public Law 87—195,Approved September 4,1961(Excerpts),"American Foreign Policy:Current Documents,1961,pp.1267—1277.

【23】"Editorial Note,"FRUS,1961—1963,Vol.Ⅸ,p.260.

【24】小阿瑟·施萊辛格:《一千天:約翰·菲·肯尼迪在白宮》,仲宜譯,三聯書店1981年版,第467頁。

【25】"The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961:Public Law 87—195,Approved September 4,1961(Excerpts),"American Foreign Policy:Current Documents,1961,p.1268.

【26】小阿瑟·施萊辛格:《一千天:約翰·菲·肯尼迪在白宮》,仲宜譯,三聯書店1981年版,第465頁。

【27】"The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961:Public Law 87—195,Approved September 4,1961(Excerpts),"American Foreign Policy:Current Documents,1961,p.1268.

【28】2002年,小布什政府提出了"千年挑戰賬戶"(Millennium Challenge Account,MCA)計劃,在國際開發署之外另行設立了"千年挑戰公司"(Millennium Challenge Corporation,MCC),同樣是為發展中國家提供發展援助。但從目前來看,無論從資金總額,還是在美國對外援助中的重要性,國際開發署的地位依然是難以撼動的。

【29】John F.Kennedy,"Address on the first Anniversary of the Alliance for Progress,March 13,1962,"Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,1962,Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1963,pp.220—224.

【30】Organization Of American States(OAS),Alliance for Progress:Official Documents Emanating f rom the Special Meeting of the Inter‐American Economic and Social Council at the Ministerial Level,Held in Punta del Este,Uruguay,f rom August 5 to17,1961,OEA/Ser.H/XII.1.Rev.2(English),pp.10—11.

【31】OAS,A lliance f or Progress,pp.10—11.

【32】OAS,A lliance f or Progress,p.12.

【33】Richard Goodwin,Remembering America:a Voice f rom the Sixties,Boston:Blithedale Productions Inc,1988,pp.191—192.

【34】OAS,A lliance for Progress,p.14.

【35】Lincoln Gordon,A New Deal For Latin America:The Alliance For Progress,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1963,p.4,p.9.

【36】美洲國家組織1948年成立時,設立了"泛美經濟社會理事會",負責經濟、社會領域的泛美合作。該機構沒有實際的權力,主要是一個技術性機構。

【37】最初的九賢人是:Harvey S.Perloff(美國),哥倫比亞前財政部長 Hernando Agudelo Villa,阿根廷前財政部長Ernesto Malaccorto,危地馬拉前財政部長兼中央銀行行長Manuel Noriega Morales,古巴前中央銀行行長Felipe Pazos,Gonzalo Robles(墨西哥),Paul Rosenstein—Rodan(英國),智利電力公司前董事長Raul Saez,Ary Frederico Torres (巴西)(Kennedy Library,National Security Files,Box 290A)。

【38】OAS,A lliance f or Progress,pp.15—17.

【39】OAS,A lliance f or Progress,pp.15—17.

【40】Raul Saez,"The Nine Wise Men and the Alliance for Progress,"International Organization,vol.22,Issue1,Winter1968,p.258.

【41】Harvey S.Perloff,Alliance for Progress:A Social Invention in the Making,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins Press,1969,p.32.

【42】Edwin McCammon Martin,Kennedy and Latin America,Maryland:University Press of America,1994,p.86.

【43】"Address by the President(Kennedy)at a White House Recetion for Latin American Diplomats,March13,1962,"American Foreign Policy:Current Documents,1962,p.483.

【44】OAS,"Report on the first year of the Alliance for Progress,"OEA/Ser.H/X.3,Doc.280,Rev.2,Oct.26,1962.

【45】OAS,"Report on the Alliance for Progress,"Presented by Dr.Alberto Lleras,OEA/Ser.G/V,C‐d‐1003,p.viii.