1.社會三大組織方式
段落大意：人們通過三大方式組織起來：親屬關係和婚姻、工作和經濟地位、政治立場。
People in all types of societies organize themselves in relation to each other for work and other duties. People commonly organize themselves in three major ways, including bonds by kinship and marriage, work duties and economic position, and political standpoint. Important factors in family, work, and political relations include age and gender （behaviors and roles associated with men and women）.
2.社會工作的概念
段落大意：社會工作的目的是提高並豐富個體或群體發展，緩解負麵的社會和經濟情況。
Social work is professional activity aimed generally at enriching and enhancing individual and group development or at alleviating adverse social and economic conditions. Its practitioners work to provide care for abused or neglected children, rehabilitate （使恢複） people with physical, mental, or emotional disabilities, and extend financial aid to the poor and the aged. Social workers also provide treatment, counseling, or preventive services to help those in need.
3.社會工作的意義
段落大意：所有慈善活動都屬於社會工作，這些活動的主要目的是解決貧困群體所麵臨的問題。
Formerly, all forms of philanthropic （慈善的） and charitable activities, including those of untrained, civic-minded individuals, were regarded as social work. Such activities focused primarily on solving the immediate problems of the indigent（窮困的） and did little to change the conditions that caused those problems. More recently, however, a vast number of new social researches have studied the social and economic maladjustments （失調） of modern society, and the activities of social workers have been coordinated in an effort to achieve the maximum possible benefit both for those individuals who are in need and for the entire community.
4.社會工作機構
段落大意：社會工作機構可分為公立機構和私立機構，以美國的社會機構舉例說明。
Social work is conducted by public and private agencies. In the US, for example, the federal government, operating through the Department of Health and Human Services, as well as the Department of Labor, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and other units, administers social welfare programs or provides funds that permit states, cities, neighborhoods, or private agencies to operate welfare programs. These include adoption services to abused and neglected children, foster-home （領養家庭） care, children’s institutions, and juvenile-training （少年培訓）schools, as well as local community organizations and neighborhood service centers. Other funds go to school social work, psychiatric（精神病的） clinics and mental health centers, drug-abuse programs, programs to improve intergroup relations, and social planning efforts. Many states, cities, neighborhoods, and voluntary agencies grant funds for similar and other programs.
5.社會保障的概念
段落大意：社會保障為退休人員、病人、殘疾人及失業者等提供資助和服務。
Social security is the public programs designed to provide income and services to individuals facing retirement, sickness, disability, or unemployment. In the United States, the term social security refers specifically to the programs established in 1935.under the Social Security Act. In particular, it refers to the social insurance portion of that act, which uses contributions made by workers and employers to provide income to people and their families during retirement or in the case of involuntary unemployment, disability, or death.
6.工業化前後的家庭模式
段落大意：工業化前，大部分人在農場工作，大家庭提供了運營農場所必需的勞動力。工業化後，隨著工廠、辦公室工作和服務業的發展，小家庭模式開始出現。
Before industrialization, most people worked on farms. Large families provided the labor necessary to run a farm, and most people lived in extended families, which encompassed （包含） several generations. In extended families, healthy working-age members could support their young, elderly, and infirm （弱的） relatives. However, with the rise of factory, office, and service jobs located outside of the home, people no longer needed to live in large families to make a living. Many jobs actually required that people move far away from their homes. With this change in work, people began to have small, nuclear families, which included only a couple and their children. In the shift from extended families to nuclear families, many people lost most of their reliable source of support—a large network of relatives.
7.家庭模式改變導致社會福利製度不可或缺
段落大意：傳統的大家庭模式已經消失，小家庭模式取而代之。小家庭無法提供大家庭所提供的保障，從而導致社會福利製度的不可或缺。
The tradition of people living in large families began to disappear. Many people began living in smaller families, consisting of only married couples and their children. Industrial and postindustrial jobs—in factories, retail（零售的） stores, and offices—often demand flexible and mobile workers. Since most of these jobs are away from the home, people have to commute long distances from home to work, and they may have to relocate with certain jobs. Most people in developed countries today have completely separate family and work lives. Small, flexible families are better suited to these kinds of work patterns. Small families do not, however, provide the kind of social support that extended families do. In addition, many countries have a growing number of single-parent households which provide even less support than do typical nuclear families.
8.工作模式的轉變與社會保障體係的發展
段落大意：工作模式的轉變促進社會保障體係的發展。
One response to the shift in working patterns was the development of pension programs and insurance plans. During the 1800s trade unions developed their own insurance plans with funds contributed by employees and employers to finance insurance benefits. Railroad workers established particularly strong insurance and pension programs. A Railroad Retirement Act was later written into federal law along with Social Security. Corporations began offering pension plans in the late 1800s. By the early 1900s, many state and local governments offered pensions to government employees such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters. Private insurance companies had also begun offering health and disability insurance by this time.
9.美國早期為內戰老兵提供社會保障
段落大意：內戰期間，聯邦政府為在戰爭中傷殘的士兵以及他們的家人提供了社會保障，此後覆蓋範圍雖有擴展，但終因過於狹窄而被廢除。
One of the widest-ranging systems of social support in the United States prior to passage of the Social Security Act developed during the American Civil War （1861－1865）. In 1862, the federal government created a generous pension program for Union war veterans （老兵） disabled in battle and for their families. Later amendments to this legislation gave benefits to Union veterans in their old age and to those disabled outside of battle. As extensive as this pension program was, it covered only a minor portion of the US population, and it was stopped in the early 1900s.
10.20世紀早期美國有關工傷和養老金的法律
段落大意：20世紀早期，美國大多數州都立法要求企業對工傷者進行補助，一些州也製定強製性的養老金法，但因不合憲法精神，均被廢除。
During the early 1900s most states enacted workers’ compensation laws that required businesses to pay benefits to employees injured on the job or to the families of workers who died because of work-related accidents or illnesses. Workers’ compensation and employer-sponsored pension programs formed the foundation of a growing system of privately funded social insurance. However, these types of support still covered only a minority of US citizens. Some states also enacted mandatory （強製的） old-age pension laws, designed to cover all citizens, but many of these laws were quickly declared unconstitutional and repealed （廢除）. Several attempts by states to develop health insurance systems also failed against tests of constitutionality （合憲法性）.
11.經濟大蕭條催生養老金和失業保險
段落大意：1929年的經濟大蕭條使很多人，尤其是老年人和失業者，陷入貧困，為應對這一情況，美國一些州開始了一些養老金和失業保險計劃。
Economic security declined for all US citizens in 1929.when the stock market crashed, triggering the Great Depression—a period of severe unemployment throughout the country. Millions of people fell into poverty, and economic hardships were particularly severe for the oldest members of the population. In response, in the early 1930s several states managed to enact and maintain old-age pension and unemployment insurance programs. Political pressure for a national social insurance program increased as the depression persisted and deepened.
12.美國《社會保障法案》的誕生
段落大意：美國《社會保障法案》誕生於20世紀30年代的經濟大蕭條時期，其目的在於為所有公民提供保障，使他們免受失業和年老時的經濟狀況之苦。
In 1934.President Franklin Roosevelt created a Committee on Economic Security to draft a program of guaranteed social support for all US citizens who were economically vulnerable （脆弱的） during the Great Depression of the 1930s. In part, Roosevelt was responding to several radical（激進的） proposals designed to stimulate the economy. One proposal would have distributed $200.per month to every aged family with the requirement that the money be spent during that month. In early 1935.the committee submitted its Economic Security Bill to the Congress of the United States. Congress subsequently changed the name of the bill to Social Security and approved it by the middle of 1935. President Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act into law in August of that year. The core of the Social Security Act was to protect all citizens against the economic risks of unemployment and old age.
13.美國《社會保障法案》及原六大項目
段落大意：美國《社會保障法案》原六大項目的具體內容。
The Social Security Act was a comprehensive（綜合的） law consisting of 11.titles, or subjects. Six of the titles detailed specific programs, while the others established methods of taxation to fund the programs, formed the organization to supervise the program （the Social Security Board）, and established guidelines for the creation of public health facilities. The six original programs were Old-Age Assistance, Old-Age Benefits （for retirement）, Unemployment Compensation, Aid to Dependent Children （ADC）, Maternal （母親的） and Child Welfare, and Aid to the Blind.
14.美國社會保障體係資金來源
段落大意：聯邦政府扣除個人所得稅來資助社會保障體係，而各州征收雇主稅來提供失業保障。其他四大福利項目由聯邦稅收資助。
The federal government deducted（扣除） taxes from workers’ income to finance Social Security benefits, while states collected taxes from employers to finance unemployment benefits. Social Security and Unemployment benefits came directly from these funds, rather than from general tax revenues. The other four program titles of the Social Security Act were forms of welfare, funded by general federal revenues. To most Americans, Old-Age Benefits for retired adults became synonymous （同義的） with the term social security. The federal government alone operated this program, whereas states ran the others with grants from the federal government. Old-Age Assistance and Aid to the Blind were meant primarily to supplement （補充） Old-Age Benefits, or to provide income to people ineligible （不合規定的） for those benefits. Maternal （母親的） and Child Welfare funded health-care programs for poor mothers and their children and for disabled children, as well as programs to protect and care for homeless, neglected, and otherwise endangered children. Aid to Dependent Children provided support for children living with only one parent or with relatives other than their parents.
15.社會保障體係向貧困群體傾斜
段落大意：社會保障體係向貧困群體傾斜，低收入者比高收入者受到更多的社會資助。
The government structured Social Security benefits to provide proportionately more support to poorer citizens and less to wealthier citizens, in relation to income earned during working years. In other words, those who earned low wages or salaries receive a larger percentage of their former income in benefits than do recipients who had higher incomes. In couples with just one worker contributing to Social Security, the non-contributing spouse who claims benefits at age 65.or older receives 50.percent of the amount paid to his or her spouse. Similar percentages are payable to disabled individuals and their spouses. Surviving spouses and children receive a percentage of the retirement benefits computed from the earnings of the deceased （已死的） earner.
16.老齡醫療保險
段落大意：老齡醫療保險分為兩部分：住院保險和追加醫療保險。
Medicare health insurance for the elderly is split into two parts, hospital insurance, also known as part A, and supplementary medical insurance （SMI）, also known as part B. Medicare hospital insurance pays for inpatient （住院病人） hospital services, nursing home and hospice（收容所） care, and home health services. Financing for this part of Medicare comes mostly from payroll （薪水總額） taxes. Medicare supplementary medical insurance, which pays for many services provided by physicians, is funded in part by uniform monthly contributions from aged and disabled people enrolled in the program, and in part by federal general revenues. However, legislation passed in 1982.and 1984.froze the share of SMI costs covered by federal revenues at 75.percent. In 2001.the Medicare SMI monthly premium （津貼） for each participant was $54. In addition, patients are responsible for a deductible（可扣除的） portion of their hospital costs and for copayment （共同支付） of 20.percent of physician charges.
17.美國的失業補償和就業服務
段落大意：失業補償項目為失業者提供經濟援助，就業服務項目為求職者提供培訓和找工作服務。
The Unemployment Compensation program provides monetary support for people who have lost jobs. The Employment Service program （established prior to the Social Security Act） provides training and job-finding services for people seeking jobs. The two programs are controlled cooperatively by the federal and state governments. Titles III and IX of the Social Security Act authorized the federal government to grant money to states to administer unemployment compensation, and established a federal unemployment insurance trust fund （信托基金）. The Federal Unemployment Tax Act of 1939.authorized the collection of both federal and state payroll taxes from employers and specified how these funds were to be used. Most of the federal tax can be offset （抵消） by employer’s contributions to state funds under an approved state unemployment compensation law. The federal government uses its small portion of the tax to pay for the administrative costs of the Unemployment Compensation and Employment Service programs, and for loans to states whose funds run low.
18.社會福利的概念
段落大意：社會福利為無力謀生的人或家庭提供幫助，幫助人們應對貧困，但引起了廣泛的爭論。
Welfare is the programs aimed at helping people unable to fully support themselves or their families. Welfare recipients include elderly people, people with mental or physical disabilities, and those needing help to support dependent children. All developed nations maintain a variety of social welfare programs. Countries offer many such programs as rights of citizenship. Governments establish welfare systems to provide a so-called safety net to prevent people from suffering the effects of poverty. However, many people believe that welfare encourages its recipients to become dependent on government support and remain unemployed. As a result, welfare programs have always aroused heated public debate.
19.社會福利的必要性
段落大意：不是所有人都有能力或機會工作的，社會福利則是國家為沒有工作的群體提供幫助的一種手段。
In any society, not all people are able to work. Societies recognize that the very young and old have limited capacities to perform work, as do people with severe mental or physical disabilities. In some cases, there are not enough employment opportunities for everyone who is capable and interested in working. Welfare is a means by which societies help support these segments （部分） of the population.
20.美國社會福利的形式
段落大意：美國政府提供一係列基本社會福利，包括現金、特定商品、租金減免、優惠券等。
The US government provides welfare in a number of basic ways. Some programs distribute direct cash assistance. Other programs provide specific goods, such as public housing, or the means to obtain them, such as subsidized （有津貼的） rents, vouchers（憑單） to offset private housing costs, or coupons （優惠券） to purchase food. Still others provide services or the means to obtain services. Welfare services include health care, childcare, and services coping with drug or alcohol dependency. Goods and services, as opposed to direct cash assistance, are known as in-kind （實物的） benefits. Other welfare programs create or subsidize jobs for the unemployed. In addition, the government also provides a tax discount for the poor, known as an Earned Income Tax Credit （EITC）, which some people consider a welfare program.
21.自由市場經濟下的失業問題
段落大意：在自由市場經濟下，失業問題一直存在，失業率會因地區、時間、國別的不同而不同。
In a free-market economy, such as that of the United States and most other developed nations, there will always be a certain percentage of capable, working-age adults being unemployed. Unemployment rates vary regionally and from season to season, as technology and desirable job skills change, and as workforces grow or diminish （減少）. Unemployment rates also vary considerably from country to country. For example, in late 2002, the unemployment rate was 5.3.percent in Japan and 8.8.percent in France.
22.經濟模式的變化
段落大意：從19世紀到20世紀，經濟模式經曆了從農業經濟、工業經濟到後工業經濟的曆程。
In the 19th century, many people lived in large extended families that worked together on family farms. The size of the family and its stability were important for farm production. During the 19th and 20th centuries, countries around the world shifted from primarily agrarian （農業的） to primarily industrial economies. In the late 20th century, some of these nations shifted again and became primarily postindustrial （service- and information-based） economies.
23.全球經濟的改變促使對社會福利需求的增加
段落大意：全球經濟的改變促使人們對社會福利需求的增加。資金、專業知識和貿易越來越容易跨越國界，產生機會的同時也帶來風險。為應對這些風險，人們需要社會福利。
Fundamental changes in the global economy have created need for welfare. In the second half of the 20th century, capital, expertise, and trade moved across national boundaries with increasing ease, creating both opportunities and risks. Businesses began moving low-skill jobs to countries that could provide cheaper labor. They also created many new, higher-skill jobs, such as those in technological and scientific research and computer programming. These changes have affected both developed and developing nations. They often require that people move, learn new skills, or dramatically alter their living arrangements for work. Such shifts leave people in situations where they may need a safety net.
24.英國的《窮人法案》
段落大意：對英國的《窮人法案》進行簡介。
The English Poor Laws, a system set up by the government of England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, attempted to establish a clear public responsibility for care of the poor. Under these laws, government authorities divided the poor into two groups. The “deserving poor”were those deemed （認為） unable to work—primarily the disabled, blind, and elderly. Those who were capable of working but unemployed were labeled as the “undeserving poor.”Those considered unable to work were generally eligible for cash or other forms of assistance, known as outdoor relief. Those who could work were provided with what amounted to （相當於） public-service employment. Such government-funded work was known as indoor relief, because it was usually done inside large public facilities called workhouses （救濟院）. As a last resort, some of those unable to work and provide for themselves sought refuge （避難） in poorhouses or almshouses （濟貧院）, publicly funded institutions that offered food and shelter.
25.政府對社會福利的掌控
段落大意：政府決定如何提供社會福利，以及提供給何人，衡量標準取決於經濟狀況。
The government decides what welfare programs should provide, and who should receive it, by measures of economic well-being. These measures are based on national mean （平均的） income figures. Mean income is an estimate of how much a typical person earns over a given period of time, usually a year. People whose incomes are less than a determined amount below the national mean （平均數） are considered to be living in poverty. Welfare programs targeted at people with relatively little income and few assets are called means-tested welfare programs. Other forms of income support are referred to simply as non-means-tested.
26.社會福利製度的負麵性
段落大意：社會福利製度會導致有些人不願意工作，而一直依賴社會福利，也會造成有些人不願意結婚等社會問題。
In theory, welfare targets make sense, since they direct support to those most in need. Targeting, however, creates problematic incentives（激勵）. For example, if welfare recipients begin to earn money, or start to earn more than they had been earning, their benefits may fall and their taxes may rise. This can be a powerful incentive for recipients to rely on welfare and not seek work. In effect, this situation creates an obstacle for welfare recipients to take work when it is available to them. Working at a minimal wage, minus （減去） taxes, often cannot offset the loss of welfare benefits. Targeting welfare benefits to certain groups also creates incentives for people to change their behavior in order to become eligible for benefits. A young parent may be less inclined to marry if single parenthood makes it easier to claim welfare benefits. The dilemma of balancing compassion for the poor with a desire to promote socially approved behaviors—work and marriage, for example—has caused public policy debates over welfare for several centuries.
27.加拿大社會及經濟結構的根本變化
段落大意：20世紀80年代以來，加拿大的社會和經濟結構發生了重大變化，勞動力市場發生了實質性的變化，聯邦政府和地方政府希望通過減少社會福利來促使失業者重回勞動力市場。
Since the 1980s Canada has experienced fundamental changes in its social and economic structure. The labor market has changed substantially （實質性地）, and the unemployment rate has climbed considerably. The rate averaged more than 10.percent in the 1990s. Fewer full-time, permanent jobs are available than in the past, and the education and skill levels required to obtain these jobs have increased. In addition, the employable population is growing with women joining the workforce and increasing numbers of immigrants to Canada. The proportion of two-income families has increased by half in the past quarter-century to over 60.percent of all families. Increasingly, Canada’s federal and regional governments have sought to reduce benefits and move unemployed recipients into the labor force.
28.犯罪動因
段落大意：社會控製理論認為每個人都有犯罪的傾向，個體是否犯罪取決於是否與持反對犯罪價值觀的群體相聯係。
Social-control theory assumes that everyone has a predisposition （傾向） toward criminal behavior. Whether or not a person acts on those predispositions depends on whether he or she has ties to groups that impose values opposing crime, such as the family, school, the community, and volunteer organizations. People with such attachments initially hold certain values because they fear sanctions （處罰） from these groups. Gradually, however, the values are internalized and become a belief that to do otherwise would be morally wrong. People without these attachments are not deterred （威懾） by threat of group sanction nor do they ultimately internalize legitimate norms, and thus they are more likely to engage in criminal activity.
29.犯罪中的經濟因素
段落大意：一些研究認為，當經濟條件惡化時，更多人會犯罪，以此來緩解經濟困窘的局麵。
Studies concerning the influence of economic factors on criminal behavior have attempted to link economic deprivation （匱乏） to increased motivation to commit crimes （especially property crimes）. Such studies assume that when economic conditions worsen, more people experience deprivation and some of them would turn to crime to relieve the deprivation. These theories have been used to explain why people of lower socioeconomic （社會經濟的） status are disproportionately （不成比例地） represented among known criminals.
30.全球化的概念
段落大意：全球化是交流、交通和信息技術進步的產物，指一地發生的經濟、政治、環境及文化大事能迅速影響其他地區。
Globalization is a comprehensive term for the emergence of a global society in which economic, political, environmental, and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world. Globalization is the result of advances in communication, transportation, and information technologies. It describes the growing economic, political, technological, and cultural linkages that connect individuals, communities, businesses, and governments around the world. Globalization also involves the growth of multinational（多國的） corporations, which refer to businesses that have operations or investments in many countries, and transnational （跨國的） corporations, which are businesses that function in a global marketplace. The international institutions that oversee world trade and finance play an increasingly important role in this era of globalization.
31.全球化的起因
段落大意：全球化歸因於交流、交通和信息技術的發展。
Most experts attribute （歸因） globalization to improvements in communication, transportation, and information technologies. For example, not only currencies（現金）, but also stocks, bonds（債券）, and other financial assets can be traded around the clock（晝夜不停地） and around the world due to innovations in technology and information processing. A three-minute telephone call from New York City to London in 1930.cost more than $300, making transnational communication very expensive. Today the cost is insignificant.
32.概括全球化的影響
段落大意：全球化的正麵影響包括知識、技術、投資、資源和價值觀的共享，負麵影響包括疾病、毒品、犯罪、恐怖主義等的迅速傳播及非法移民。
Globalization has both positive and negative aspects. Among globalization’s benefits are the sharing of basic knowledge, technology, investments, resources, and ethical values. Among the negative aspects are the rapid spread of diseases, illicit （非法的） drugs, crime, terrorism, and illegal migration.
33.全球化的影響
段落大意：各個國家的人在文化、物質和精神上越來越緊密地與其他國家的人聯係在一起。