32.享樂主義
段落大意：享樂主義認為快樂才是終極目標、最高準則。
Hedonism （享樂主義） is the philosophy which views pleasure as the highest good. The hedonist decides between the most enduring pleasures and the most intense pleasures, whether present pleasures should be denied for the sake of overall comfort, and whether mental pleasures are preferable to physical pleasures.
33.亞裏士多德關於快樂的觀點
段落大意：亞裏士多德認為，快樂是生活的目標。他將快樂定義為符合人性的活動，人類要獲得快樂，需養成兩種習慣，並提出適度原則。
Aristotle, Plato’s pupil, regarded happiness as the aim of life. He defined happiness as activity that accorded with the specific nature of humanity. Pleasure accompanies such activity but is not its chief aim. Happiness derives from reason which is uniquely possessed by human and functions harmoniously with human faculties. According to Aristotle, virtues essentially are good habits, and that to attain happiness a person must develop two kinds of habits. The first is the habit of mental activity, such as knowledge, which leads to the highest human activity, contemplation. The second is the habit of practical action and emotion, such as courage. Moral virtues are habits of action that conform to the golden mean, the principle of moderation （適度）, and they must be flexible because of differences among people and conditioning factors. For example, the amount one should eat depends on one’s size, age, and occupation. In general, Aristotle defines the mean as being between the two extremes of excess and insufficiency. Thus, generosity is the mean between prodigality （浪費） and stinginess（吝嗇）. For Aristotle, the intellectual and the moral virtues are merely means toward the attainment of happiness, which results from the full realization of human potential.
34.柏拉圖關於人性的觀點
段落大意：柏拉圖認為，善是現實的本質要素。人類靈魂有三個因素：智力、意誌和情感。每個因素代表著人性的一麵。就重要性而言，從高到低依次是智力、意誌和情感。
According to Plato, good is an essential element of reality. Evil does not exist in itself but is, rather, an imperfect reflection of the real, which is good. In his Dialogues, he maintains that human virtue lies in the fitness of a person to perform that person’s proper function in the world. The human soul has three elements, intellect, will, and emotion, each of which possesses a specific virtue in the good person and performs a specific role. The virtue of intellect is wisdom, or knowledge of the ends of life. The virtue of the will is courage, the capacity to act, and that of the emotions is temperance, or self-control. The ultimate virtue, justice, is the harmonious relation of all the others, each part of the soul doing its appropriate task and keeping its proper place. Plato maintains that the intellect should be sovereign （至高無上的）, the will second, and the emotions subject to intellect and will. The just person, whose life is ordered in this way, is therefore the good person.
35.意識形態及其三大形式
段落大意：意識形態通常指人們普遍的思想觀念。它可分為三大特定形式：信仰、價值觀和理想。
In every society, culturally unique ways of thinking about the world unite people in their behavior. Anthropologists often refer to the body of ideas that people share as ideology （意識形態）. Ideology can be broken down into at least three specific categories: beliefs, values, and ideals. People’s beliefs give them an understanding of how the world works and how they should respond to the actions of others and their environments. Particular beliefs are often closely related to the daily concerns of domestic life, such as making a living, health and sickness, happiness and sadness, interpersonal relationships, and death. People’s values tell them the differences between right and wrong or good and bad. Ideals serve as models for what people hope to achieve in life.
36.自由意誌
段落大意：自由意誌指人自主選擇行為方式或做出決策的思維能力，其發展到極端就成了自由意誌論，與之相對的則是決定論。
Free will is the power or ability of the human mind to choose a course of action or make a decision without being subject to restraints imposed by antecedent（先前的）causes, by necessity, or by divine predetermination（預先決定）. A completely freewill act is itself a cause and not an effect. It is beyond causal sequence or the law of causality. The question of human beings’ ability to determine their actions is important in philosophy, particularly in metaphysics （形而上學）, ethics, and theology. Generally, the extreme doctrine in which freedom of the will is affirmed is termed libertarianism （自由意誌論）. Its opposite, determinism （決定論）, is the doctrine maintaining that human action is not done out of free will, but is rather the result of such influences as passions, desires, physical conditions, and external circumstances beyond the control of the individual.
37.自信及其成分
段落大意：自信指相信自我的能力，與自尊相關，但又有區別。 自信有許多組成部分。
Self-confidence is faith in one’s own abilities. People with high self-confidence typically have little fear of the unknown, are able to stand up for what they believe in, and have the courage to risk embarrassment, for instance, by giving a presentation to a large group of people. One who is self-confident is not necessarily loud, brash （無禮的）, or reckless（魯莽的）. Confidence as a psychological quality is related to, but distinct from, self-esteem. Confidence may be considered to be made up of a number of components. For example, Confidence Club decides five components of confidence:social confidence, physical presence, stage presence, status confidence, and peer independence.
38.自信者的四大表現
段落大意：自信的人有四大特征：能自由表達自己的感情、思想和願望，明確自己的權利，能控製自己的憤怒，能很好地理解他人的情感。
Assertive people have the following characteristics. The first is that they feel free to express their feelings, thoughts, and desires. The second is that they know their rights. The third is that they have control over their anger. It does not mean that they repress this feeling. Instead, they control it for a moment and then talk about it later in a logical way. The fourth is that they have a good understanding of feelings of the person with whom they are communicating.
39.自信培訓
段落大意：自信培訓是一種社交技能培訓，教導人們在權利受到侵犯時如何做出正確的回應。
One popular social skills training is assertiveness （自信） training, launched by Joseph Wolpe. This program teaches people, often those who are shy, to make appropriate responses when someone does something to them that seems inappropriate or offensive or violates their rights. For example, if a woman has trouble saying no to a coworker who inappropriately asks her to handle some of his job responsibilities, she may benefit from learning how to become more assertive. In this example, the therapist （治療師） would model assertive behavior for the client, who would then role-play and rehearse appropriate responses to her coworker.
40.理性主義與經驗主義
段落大意：理性強調人的推理和邏輯能力，感性強調人的感覺和直覺。
Rationalism is any view emphasizing the role or importance of human reason. Extreme rationalism tries to base all the knowledge on reason alone. Rationalism typically starts from premises that cannot coherently be denied, then attempts by logical steps to deduce every possible object of knowledge. Empiricism, in contrast to rationalism, downplays or dismisses the ability of reason alone to yield knowledge of the world, preferring to base any knowledge we have on our senses. John Locke propounded the classic empiricist view in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1689, developing a form of naturalism and empiricism on roughly scientific （and Newtonian） principles.
41.商業中的保險契約
段落大意：在商業領域，可通過許多有條件契約來防止損失等，忠誠保險契約和履約保函是其中的兩種。
A variety of conditional bonds （契約） are used in business. Fidelity （誠信） bonds offer payment in the event of theft or fraud（詐騙）. When a fidelity bond has been purchased to guarantee an employee’s honesty, the employee is said to be bonded. People who have access to large sums of money, such as employees of banks and messengers who deliver valuables, are often bonded. Performance and completion bonds, also known simply as performance bonds, are used in the construction industry. Contractors are bonded to ensure completion of their work. If work is not completed in time, the bond is forfeited （喪失）.
42.失禮的行為
段落大意：在一些情境中，一些行為可能會被認為是不得體的，人們應密切注意身處的情境，以避免失禮。
The amount of enthusiasm or coldness one displays in such situations as greeting people, saying thank you, and giving compliments can constitute a faux pas（失禮） in certain situations. Some people say goodbye with hugs and kisses, while others say it with a grunt （咕噥） and a nod of the head. Both the kissers and the grunters might be committing a faux pas depending upon the setting and the expectations of others. Some generalizations about this matter on a country-by-country basis might be helpful, but it is a matter in which individual personalities matter a great deal. Accordingly, one should be observant （密切注意的） about the situation to avoid committing a faux pas. Behaving enthusiastically towards strangers is considered shallow and insincere by many northern Europeans.
43.真誠
段落大意：真誠指真實地表達自己的情感、思想和願望。我們希望能被真誠相待，但在西方文化中，真誠並不一直被認為是一種美德。
Sincerity is the virtue of speaking truly about one’s feelings, thoughts, and desires. Sincere expression carries risks to the speaker, since the ordinary screens （屏障） used in everyday life are opened to the outside world. At the same time, we expect our friends, our lovers, or our leaders “to be sincere.”Surprisingly, sincerity has not always been regarded as a virtue in Western culture. It appears to have become an ideal for the first time in Europe and North America in the 17th century, and it gained considerable momentum （勢頭） during the Romantic movement, when sincerity was first celebrated as an artistic and social ideal. Indeed, in mid- to late-nineteenth century America, sincerity was an idea reflected in hairstyles, women’s dress, and the literature of the time.
44.商務禮節
段落大意：商務禮節指一係列書麵的和非書麵的行為準則，旨在使社會交往更加順利地進行；辦公室禮節主要用於同事間的交往。
The etiquette（禮節） of business is the set of written and unwritten rules of conduct that make social interactions run more smoothly. Office etiquette in particular applies to coworker interaction, excluding interactions with external contacts such as customers and suppliers. The conventions of office etiquette address unique, office environmental issues such as cubicle （小單間） life, usage of common areas, meetings, and other forms of social interaction within the context of a work setting. The rules of office etiquette may vary by region, office size, business specialty, company policy, and, to a certain degree, various laws governing the workplace. Larger organizations tend to have stricter, expressly written rules on etiquette. These rules are often echoed throughout an industry or economy. For instance, 49% of employers surveyed in 2005.by the American National Association of Colleges and Employers found that non-traditional attire would be a “strong influence”on their opinion of a potential job candidate.
45.現代禮節
段落大意：現代禮節包括待人熱情、不侮辱他人、不窺探他人隱私、衣著得體、幫助他人、不遲到等。
Modern etiquette instructs people to;
1）greet relatives, friends and acquaintances with warmth and respect;
2）refrain from insults and prying （窺探的） curiosity;
3）offer hospitality equally and generously to guests;
4）wear clothing suited to the occasion;
5）contribute to conversations without dominating them;
6）offer assistance to those in need;
7）eat neatly and quietly;
8）avoid disturbing others with unnecessary noise;
9）follow the established rules of an organization upon becoming a member;
10）arrive promptly when expected;
11）comfort the bereaved （喪失親人者）;
12）respond to invitations promptly;
13）accept gifts or favors with humility （謙遜） and gratitude;
14）acknowledge gifts or favors with prompt tokens（象征） of thanks, e.g. a thank-you card.