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公車上書
1895年春，梁啟超結束了萬木草堂的學習生活，與康有為一起赴京參加三年一次的舉人會試。會試揭榜，康有為中了進士，授官工部主事，梁啟超則名落孫山。關於梁啟超會試落榜的原因，一些野史佚文曾有披露：主持這次會試的主考官是大學士徐桐，副主考官是工部侍朗李文田等人，他們都是痛恨維新的守舊派，考試前，徐桐就發話，廣東考生中有才氣的試卷，一定是康有為的，不要錄取他。於是，當李文田批閱梁啟超的考卷時，發現其文章說理透徹，氣勢捭闔，文辭絢麗，曲折多姿，他心想這一定是那個“怪人”康有為的試卷，遂決定不錄取他，並在卷末批曰：“還君明珠雙淚垂，恨不相逢未嫁時”，表示一種惜才而無奈的心情。就這麼陰錯陽差，康有為上了進士榜。徐桐惱羞成怒，回家後對門人說，康有為如來謁見，堅決不要讓他進來。然而，中榜沒有給康有為帶來喜悅，落第也沒有使梁啟超變得沮喪。師生二人此時早已將科場功名視為浮雲流水，他們關心的是如何進行變法維新、拯救民族的大事。眼前，一場政治風暴正在等著他們。
1895年3月，中日甲午戰爭以中國失敗而告結束。一個曆史悠久的堂堂“天朝”大國，竟被東鄰一個經濟、文化都還不發達的小小島國打敗，而且失敗得那樣慘重，李鴻章慘淡經營十多年的北洋水師全軍覆滅，參戰的陸軍一敗塗地；失敗後簽訂的和約又是那樣苛虐，中國不僅要賠償2萬萬兩白銀，還要割讓遼東半島、台灣全島以及澎湖列島給日本。這怎能不使舉國震驚呢！尤其是在京應試的各省舉子，聽到消息後更是感到奇恥大辱。康有為、梁啟超明白，民族危機迫在眉睫，而政府已經腐敗透頂，要挽救時局，避免國土被瓜分，必須立即采取行動，上書清帝，請求拒簽和約，實行變法，以圖自強。
4月15日，即喪權辱國的《馬關條約》簽訂的前兩天，先期得悉條約有關內容的康有為立即要梁啟超鼓動各省舉人準備上書。梁啟超先在自己熟悉的廣東舉人中進行宣傳鼓動，湖南舉人隨即響應。4月28日，以康有為、梁啟超為首的粵湘兩省舉人率先向朝廷遞交了拒和請願書。在他們的帶動影響下，各省舉人紛紛行動起來，他們或是向都察院投遞請願書，或是當街攔截官員的車駕，尤其是台灣的舉人，更是淚流滿麵，向朝廷請願。康、梁看到群情激憤，“士氣可用”，便決定組織更大規模的上書請願活動。經過梁啟超緊鑼密鼓地奔走聯絡，18省舉子共1300餘人終於在鬆筠庵(明代烈士楊繼盛故宅)集會。康有為用一天兩夜時間起草了一份“萬言書”(即《上清帝第二書》)，由梁啟超、麥孟華負責謄抄，各省舉人簽名，於5月2日(光緒二十一年四月八日)投遞都察院，向清政府公開提出了“拒和”、“遷都”、“變法”的政治要求。這就是震動朝野的“公車上書”。