特洛伊戰爭是傳說中在小亞細亞西部希臘人和特洛伊人之間發生的戰爭。後由希臘人在公元前12或前13世紀記載。在荷馬的《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》以及希臘悲劇和羅馬文學中也均有記載。荷馬的書中認為特洛伊王子帕裏斯和斯巴達王墨涅拉俄斯的王後海倫私奔，於是墨涅拉俄斯的兄長阿伽門農帶領希臘部隊去解救她。該戰爭持續了10年，其參與者包括赫克托耳、阿喀琉斯、普裏阿摩斯、奧德修斯和埃阿斯。戰爭最後在一次詭計中結束。希臘人修建了一個巨大的木馬，並將一支突擊隊隱藏其中。當希臘人假裝敗退時，特洛伊人將木馬帶進了城內。希臘人在夜間從木馬中出來，為自己的軍隊打開了城門並對特洛伊城進行洗劫，將男子殺害，女子俘虜。如今，該傳奇的史實部分已不可知。
[1]inhabited adj.有居民的
[2]millennium n.千年期；千禧年；千年至福；黃金時代
[3]prosperous adj.興旺的，繁榮的，昌盛的；富有的，富足的；有利的，吉利的
4.Three Hundred Warriors in Sparta and Marathon 斯巴達三百勇士和馬拉鬆
Greco—Persian Wars 希波戰爭
The Greco-Persian Wars（also often called the Persian Wars）were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and city-states of the Hellenic[1]world that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC.Aristagoras secured military support from Athens and Eretria,and in 498 BC,these forces helped Eretia to capture and burnt the Persian regional capital of Sardis.The revolt continued,with the two sides effectively stalemated[2]throughout 497～495 BC.ln 494 BC,the Persians regrouped and attacked the centre of the revolt in Miletus.At the Battle of Lade,the lonians suffered a decisive defeat,and the rebellion collapsed,ln 493 BC,all revolts retreated and ceased.
特洛伊戰爭
Seeking to secure his empire from further revolts,and from the interference of the mainland Greeks,Darius embarked a scheme to conquer Greece,and to punish Athens and Eretria for burning Sardis.The first Persian invasion of Greece began in 492 BC they eonguered Thrace and Macedon under the command of Persian general Mardonius,but small mistakes made it finally failed.In 490 BC a secondforce was sent to Greece,this time they acrossed the Aegean Sea,under the command of Datis and Artaphernes.This expedition subjugated the Cyclades,However,they subsequently swept Athens,but the army was defeated by Athens in the war of marathon,the first Persian invasion stop there.Darius then began to plan the complete the conquest of Greece,but died in 486 BC and responsibility for the conquest passed to his son Xerxes l.
In 480 BC,Xerxes personally led the armies to second Persian invasion of Greece,it was one of the largest invade in history of ancient warfare.Persians defeated the Allies of Greek at the Battle of Thermopylae led by Sparta and Athens,and overrun most of Greece.However,the Persians suffered a severe[3]defeated by Greece armies at the Battle of Salamis.Then,the confederated Greeks changed to offensive,defeating the Persian armies at the Battle of Plataea,and ending the invasion[4]of Persian.
The allied Greeks armies followed up their success,destroyed the rest of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Mycale,defeated Persian garrisons from Sestos（479 BC）and Byzantium（478 BC）.The actions of the general Pausanias alienated many of the Greek states from the Spartans at the siege of Byzantium,and the anti-Persian alliance was therefore reconstituted by leadership of Athenian,as the so-called Delos League.The Delos League continued to campaign against Persia for the next three decades,beginning with the expulsion[5]of the remaining Persian garrisons from Europe.At the Battle of the Eurymedon in 466 BC,the League won a double victory that finally secured freedom for the cities of lonia.However,the League involved in an Egyptian revolt（from 460 BC～454 BC）resulted in a disastrous,and a further campaigning was suspended.A fleet was sent to Cyprus in 451 BC， but achieved little,and when it withdrew,the Greco-Persian Wars gradually end.Some historical[6]sources suggest the situation was ended after it singed a peace treaty between Athens and Persia,so-called Peace of Callias.
希波戰爭（也常被稱為波斯戰爭）是指在公元前502年至前449年之間，波斯阿契美尼德王朝與希臘城邦國家之間的一係列衝突。雅典和俄瑞特利亞為阿裏司塔哥拉斯人提供軍事援助，並於公元前498年協助後者占領並焚毀了波斯的地方首府薩第斯。前497年至前495年之間戰況一時陷於膠著，波斯人在公元前494年進行了軍隊重組，進擊叛亂的中心米利都，在拉德海戰中，艾奧尼亞人遭受了重大的失敗，叛亂也同時崩潰，至公元前493年，所有的叛亂都被鎮壓了下去。
為了保衛波斯帝國避免更大規模的叛亂，並且免受內陸希臘人的幹預，大流士一世規劃了一個征服希臘的藍圖，並且向雅典和俄瑞特利亞報薩第斯被焚的一箭之仇。第一次入侵始於前492年，波斯將軍馬多尼烏斯指揮下軍隊攻下了色雷斯和馬其頓，卻因征途中的小差錯而功敗垂成。波斯人又於前490年派去了第二支軍隊，在達提斯和阿塔佛涅斯的指揮下橫渡愛琴海，占領了基克拉澤斯，圍困了俄瑞特利亞並最終將其夷為平地。然而，他們隨後揮師雅典，卻在馬拉鬆戰役被雅典軍隊大敗，波斯人的第一次入侵就此止步。隨後大流士開始策劃完成對希臘的征服，但大流士在前486年死去，其征服希臘的重擔落到他的兒子薛西斯一世的身上。
公元前480年，薛西斯一世親率一支大軍開始了對希臘的第二次入侵，這次行動是古代軍事史上最大規模的入侵之一。波斯軍隊在溫泉關戰役擊敗由斯巴達和雅典領導的希臘聯軍後，曾一度占領了希臘的大部分土地，然而他們的海軍卻在接下來的薩拉米斯海戰中被希臘聯合海軍擊潰。隨後希臘人轉守為攻，在帕拉提亞戰役中再次得勝，從而結束了波斯的侵略。
希臘聯軍乘勝追擊，在米卡勒戰役中掃除波斯海軍殘部，並在公元前479年和公元前478年分別擊潰屯於塞斯托斯和拜占庭的波斯守軍。在圍困拜占庭期間，希臘聯軍的帕薩尼阿斯將軍的所作所為讓許多希臘城邦疏遠了斯巴達，他們轉而接受雅典的領導，形成了提洛同盟並在隨後的戰鬥裏將波斯軍隊徹底驅逐出歐洲。在公元前466年的歐裏梅敦戰役中同盟軍終於解放了愛奧尼亞全境。提洛同盟在公元前460年～公元454年間插手埃及叛亂時遭受滅頂之災，被迫停止進軍。在公元前451年他們還派出過一支海軍到塞浦路斯卻無功而返。此後希波戰爭的戰火逐漸冷卻。一些史料表明雙方的敵對狀態最終在雅典和波斯簽署卡裏亞斯合約後結束。
Marathon 馬拉鬆
According to Herodotus,an Athenian runner named Pheidippides was sent to run from Athens to Sparta to ask for assistance[7]before the battle.He ran a distance of over 140 miles and arrived in Sparta the day after he left.Then,following the battle,the Athenian army marched the 25 or so miles back to Athens at a very high pace（considering the quantity of armour,and the fatigue after the battle），in order to stop Persian force occuping Cape Sounion.They arrived back in the late afternoon,and saw the Persian ships turned away from Athens,this completed the Athenian victory.
Later on,in people\\u0027s imagination,these two events became confused with each other,leading to a legendary but inaccurate version of events.This myth has Pheidippides running from Marathon to Athens after the battle,to announce the Greek victory with the word“Nenikēkamen！”（Attic：Νενικκαμεν（We were victorious！）），he promptly died of exhaustion.
根據希羅多德的說法，在戰鬥開始之前，一個名叫費裏皮德斯的雅典人被派遣到斯巴達求援，他跑的距離超過了140英裏，一天後他到達了斯巴達。在戰役結束後，雅典軍隊以非常快的速度（考慮到裝甲的數量和戰役後的疲勞等狀況）行進了25英裏，回到了雅典，以避免波斯海軍控製蘇尼翁海岬。他們在傍晚回來，看到波斯船離開雅典，從而完成了雅典軍隊的勝利。
後來，在人們的想象中，這些事件被混淆了，導致這個事件產生出一個具有傳奇性而有失準確的版本。這個謠傳認為，當雅典軍在馬拉鬆平原大敗波斯軍後，使者費裏皮德斯由馬拉鬆平原跑回雅典報捷（我們勝利了），途中從未停頓。當費裏皮德斯回到雅典，將勝利的消息轉告雅典人後，當即死去。
馬拉鬆
The Peloponnesian War 伯羅奔尼撒戰爭
The Peloponnesian War，431 to 404 BC,was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire[8]against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.They fought several times and Sparta won the last victory.