Historians have traditionally divided the Archidamian War into three phases.ln the first phase,Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica,while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese attempting to suppress the unrest in its empire.This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC,with the signing of the Peace of Nicias.That treaty,however,was soon underminedby renewed fighting in the Peloponnese.In 415 BC,Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily；the attack failed disastrously with the destruction of the entire force.In 413 BC,the final phase of the war started,lonian War.In this phase,Sparta it was the sought and received support from Persia,but Athens supported rebellions of persid in the Aegean Sea and lonia,it destructed the relationship between Athens and Persian.At the end,the army of Athens lose the battle,in Aegospotam in 405 BC.Athens was forced to surronded,the war ended the following year.
The Peloponnesian War reshaped the Ancient Greek world.On the level of international relations,Athens,the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war\\u0027s beginning,was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection[9]，while Sparta became the leading power of Greece.The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece；poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese,while Athens found itself completely devastated,and never regained its pre-war prosperity.The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society；the conflict between democratic Athens and oligarchic Sparta,each of which supported friendly political factions within other states,make the whole Greek region more closely linked.
Greek warfare,meanwhile,originally a limited and formalized form of conflict,was transformed into an all-out struggle between city-states,complete with atrocities[10]on a large scale.Shattering religious and cultural taboos,devastating[11]vast swathes of countryside,and destroying whole cities,the Peloponnesian War marked the dramatic end of the golden age of Greece in 5th century BC.
伯羅奔尼撒戰爭是以雅典為首的提洛同盟與以斯巴達為首的伯羅奔尼撒聯盟之間的一場戰爭。這場戰爭從公元前431年一直持續到公元前404年，期間雙方曾幾度停戰，最終斯巴達獲得勝利。
傳統上，曆史學家將伯羅奔尼撒戰爭分為三個階段。第一階段，斯巴達發動了多次入侵阿提卡的戰爭。而雅典利用其海軍優勢襲擊伯羅奔尼撒海岸試圖壓製斯巴達。這一時期的戰爭結束於公元前421年，雅典和斯巴達簽署了象征和平的尼西阿斯條約，然而，該條約很快就被破壞，雙方新的戰鬥在伯羅奔尼撒半島展開。第二階段，公元前415年，雅典派出大量的軍隊對西西裏島進行遠征；對雅典來說，西西裏遠征遠遠地超出了它的能力。最終遠征失敗，並且還給雅典帶來了災難性的後果。雅典的實力大損，一蹶不振。第三階段，公元前413年開始了最後階段的戰爭，稱為愛奧尼亞戰爭。在這一階段，斯巴達尋求並得到了波斯的支持，而雅典卻支持波斯在愛琴海和愛奧尼亞的地區叛亂，這一做法破壞了雅典和波斯帝國的關係。最終，在公元前405年，雅典的艦隊在伊哥斯波塔米戰役中戰敗。次年，雅典投降，伯羅奔尼撒戰爭結束。
伯羅奔尼撒戰爭改變了古希臘世界。從國家關係層麵上講，雅典由戰爭開始之前希臘最強大的城邦，成為了完全服從於斯巴達的城邦，而斯巴達則成為希臘的龍頭老大。戰爭波及到整個希臘；對於伯羅奔尼撒半島的各個城邦來說，貧困成為了一種普遍現象。而雅典因為此次戰爭幾乎完全被摧毀，所以並沒有恢複到戰前的繁榮。戰爭對希臘社會之間也造成了微妙的變化和衝突；民主雅典和寡頭斯巴達，其中每個互相扶持友好的政治派別都在其他城邦進行了活動，使整個希臘地區的聯係更加緊密。
伯羅奔尼撒戰爭由原來正常的軍事戰爭衝突，演變成了各個城邦之間的全麵鬥爭，這一戰爭規模大、範圍廣，打破了宗教和文化禁忌，毀滅了大片農村，並波及到整個城市，造成重大損失。戲劇性的伯羅奔尼撒戰爭標誌著希臘的黃金時代在公元前5世紀結束。
[1]hellenic adj.希臘的；希臘人的；希臘語的
[2]stalemate n.（國際象棋的）和棋；（爭執的）僵持，僵局
[3]severe adj.極為惡劣的；十分嚴重的
[4]invasion n.入侵，侵略；侵害，侵犯；擁入，侵占
[5]expulsion n.噴出，排出；開除，驅逐
[6]historical adj.曆史的，史學的；有關曆史的
[7]assistance n.援助，幫助
[8]empire n.帝國；大企業；君權，皇權；絕對統治
[9]subjection n.征服，製fl，臣服，順從
[10]atrocity n.邪惡，暴行
[11]devastate vt.使荒蕪；破壞；蹂躪；使垮掉，壓倒
5.“To Conquer the World”—Alexander Empire“征服世界”——亞曆山大帝國
Borned in Pella in 356 BC,Alexander lll of Macedon,commonly known as Alexander the Great,was tutored by the famed philosopher Aristotle.In 336 BC he succeeded his father Philip ll of Macedon to the throne after Philip was assassinated.By the age of thirty,He had created one of the largest empires in ancient history,stretching from the lonian Sea to the Himalaya.He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of the most successful commanders of all the time.
Philip ll had brought most of the city-states of mainland Greece under Macedonian hegemony,using both military and diplomatic means.Upon Philip\\u0027s death；Alexander inherited not only a strong kingdom but also an experienced army.He succeeded in gaining support from generals of Greece,this made his authorityfirmly established and then launched the military plans for expansion.In 334 BC he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns which lasting for ten years.Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles,most notably the battles of lssus and Gaugamela.
Subsequently he overthrew[1]the Persian king Darius lll and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire.Following his desire to reach the“ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea”，he invaded lndia in 326 BC,but was eventually forced to turn back.
Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC,without realizing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia.In the following years Alexander\\u0027s death brought a series of civil wars.
Although he is mostly remembered for his vast conquests,Alexander\\u0027s lasting legacy was not his reign,but the cultural diffusion.Alexander\\u0027s settlement of Greek colonists and culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic culture,aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire until the mid-15th century.Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles,and features prominently in the history and myth of Greek and non-Greek cultures.He became the measure against which generals,even to this day,compare themselves and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactical exploits.
馬其頓的亞力山大三世，通常被稱為亞曆山大大帝，於公元前356年出生在佩拉，少年時師從著名哲學家亞裏士多德。公元前336年在父親菲利普二世被暗殺後，繼承了王位。在30歲時建立了古代世界曆史上最大的帝國之一，疆域西起古希臘、馬其頓，東到印度恒河流域。他在戰爭中幾乎百戰百勝，被認為是有史以來最成功的指揮官。
菲利普二世在位時，使用軍事和外交手段已經將大多數希臘城邦置於馬其頓霸權下。所以亞力山大不僅繼承了一個強大的王國，還擁有了一支經驗豐富的軍隊。他成功獲得了父親在位時的希臘將軍的支持，這使得他的權威得以確立，從而順利地發動軍事擴張計劃。公元前334年他入侵小亞細亞並開展了持續十年的行動。亞力山大後來在一係列的決定性戰役中打敗了波斯的軍隊，其中最為著名的就是高加米拉會戰。
隨後他徹底擊敗了波斯國王大流士三世進而征服了整個波斯帝國。接著為了達成“到達世界的盡頭，偉大的外海”的願望。公元前326年，他率軍入侵印度，但最終被迫撤回。
公元前323年，他在沒有實現一係列有計劃的征服行動時死於巴比倫。在之後的幾年中，亞力山大帝國因亞曆山大帝的死亡引發的一係列內戰而分裂。
雖然亞曆山大大帝令人印象深刻的是他的征服行動，但最有深遠影響意義的並不是自己對征服地區的統治，而是文化傳播。亞力山大在東方建立了希臘殖民地並帶來了希臘文化，對各個領域的影響一直延續到15世紀的拜占庭帝國。作為一個經典的阿喀琉斯式的英雄，亞曆山大成為了傳奇，並將曆史和神話、希臘和非希臘文化融彙貫通。他還成為後來西方世界評價軍事家的參照。即使到了今天，在世界各地的很多軍事院校仍然講授他的戰略功勳。
[1]overthrew vt.打倒；推翻；廢除；【棒】投（球）過遠；投（球）過高