6．Literature functions as a replacement for religion， which seems no longer to be able to hold societytogether. While teaching disinterested appreciation， literature provides a sense of national greatness.
7．每個國家的文學，實質上都表現其國民性。每個國家的文學都會歌頌其祖國，歌頌其人民，特別是民族英雄，從而培養愛國心。
7．Every nation’s literature is essentially the manifestation of its national spirit. Every nation’s literaturewill always sing the praises of its nation and its people， especially its national heroes， thus cultivating thepatriotism.
8．作為審美對象，文學可以使我們成為“更完美的人”。這種觀點是和一種關於主體的思想相關的，理論界稱這種主體為“自由主體”，即不受社會環境和利益界定，由個人主體性（理性和道德）界定的自由主體，根本不受社會決定因素的製約。這種與實用目的脫離，並且誘導獨特的反思和認同的審美對象，幫助我們通過自由公正地運用想象功能而成為自由主體，而這種想象功能把理解力和判斷力合理地結合起來。文學具有的這種能力是通過鼓勵讀者思考複雜的事物而不要急於作出判斷，通過鼓勵讀者思考那些倫理是非問題，通過引導讀者作為局外人或者像小說讀者一樣去檢驗行為（也包括檢驗他們自己的行為）而實現的。
它促進了客觀公正，培養了鑒賞力和細微的辨別能力，產生了與處境不同的男女人物的認同，從而促成了集體感。
8．Literature， as an aesthetic object， may make us“better people”. This viewpoint is linked to acertain idea of the subject， to what theorists have come to call“the liberal subject”， the individual definednot by a social situation and interests but by an individual subjectivity (rationality and morality) conceivedas essentially free of social determinants. The aesthetic object， cut off from practical purposes and inducingparticular kinds of reflection and identifications， helps us to become liberal subjects through the free anddisinterested exercise of an imaginative faculty that combines knowing and judging in the right relation.
Literature does this by encouraging consideration of complexities without a rush to judgement， engagingthe mind in ethical issues， inducing readers to examine conduct (including their own) as an outsider or areader of novels would. It promotes disinterestedness， teaches sensitivity and fine discriminations， producesidentifications with men and women of other conditions， thus promoting fellow-feeling.
9．文學提供信息（知識）——古今中外政治及社會情況。每個人都需要一般知識和常識。“秀才不出門，便知天下事”，一點兒不假。難怪義務教育、素質教育或是通識教育，各級各類學校都要學習語文（語言和文學）課。語言和文學密不可分。文學總是顯示著其語言恰當用來表達的最好思想感情而語言又是其文化的重要組成部分，所以，學習文學，我們不僅能學到“世界上表達出來的最佳思想和言論”，而且能提高我們的道德、人格和精神文明。
9．Literature gives information (knowledge) —of the political and social conditions of all times andplaces. Everyone is in need of general knowledge and common sense. It is quite right that a scholar， withoutgoing out， knows the world’s affairs well. No wonder all those who receive a compulsory education or a qualityeducation or a general education have to study the subject of Yu Wen (Language &；Literature) at all kinds ofschools at all levels. Language and literature are closely interrelated and can never be separated. Literatureof a nation always shows the best what its language can do when it is well used and its language is the key partof its culture. That’s why we say by learning literature we can not only learn“the best that has been thoughtand said in the world”but also improve our morality， personality and spiritual civilization.
10．文學能通過讓作者宣泄他們的過分感情，讓讀者表達他們的同情，以恢複心態平衡，保持身心健康。
10．By giving an outlet to the writers relieving their excessive feelings and to the readers expressingtheir sympathy， literature can restore the balance of mind and help the writers and readers keep fit.
11．威廉·莎士比亞寫到：“真、善、美，構成我全部的題材，我將真、善、美以不同的詞句表現；我的創造力因這變化而充分施展，三個論題完美統一，題材空間自然無限。”“隻要你在不朽的字裏行間與時間並存，隻要人類在繁衍，隻要眼睛能看見，你就能與我的著作同在，亙古永恒。”這些話向我們表明是文學使莎士比亞的人生更有意義，是文學使莎士比亞、吳承恩、曹雪芹、雨果和很多其他人永遠活在他們的讀者心裏。
11．What William Shakespeare has written—“Fair， kind， and true， is all my argument，Fair， kind， and true， varying to other words；And in this change is my invention spent，Three themes in one， which wondrous scope affords.”
“When in eternal lines to time thou growest；So long as men can breathe or eyes can see，So long lives this and this gives life to thee”—shows us that it is literature that makes Shakespeare’slife more significant and it is also literature that makes Shakespeare， Wu Cheng’en， Cao Xueqin， Hugo andmany others living forever in the hearts of their readers.