By doorways where women
Looked from their hunger-deep eyes。
在第一部分和第二部分,省略的關係句比比皆是:through huddled and ugly walls;hunger-deep eyes,haunted with shad-ows;blue burst;long lake waves breaking;spray-flung curve;fluttering storm;great grey wings;flying white bellies/Veering and wheeling free in the open。另一方麵,詩人用過去分詞如looked,haunted,huddled表現城牆的封閉狀態與被動感覺,用現在分詞如passing,breaking,fluttering,flying,veering,wheel-ing表現城外的開闊狀態與主動感覺,使二者之間形成了鮮明的對照。
這首詩表現的歸根結底是一種意象,是一個充滿各種可能性和有待於豐富和描繪的世界。其連貫整一性集中在詩的視角上(並非要對所見有所評價),而這一點的集中表現則是各種修飾與限定的關係從句的巧妙運用。可見,在詩歌創作中,句法不僅有助於意義的表達,而且可能有助於意義的創造,特別是當表象與現實形成明顯對照的時候,更是如此。
關於詞彙作為粘著手段,我們要引述羅伯特·布裏奇斯的一首詩《十一月》。為了便於分析,仍然全文引用英文原文。
NOVEMBER
The lonely season in lonely lands,when fled
Are half the birds,and mists lie low,and the sun
Is rarely seen,nor strayeth far from his bed;
The short days pass unwelcomed one by one。
Out by the ricks the mantled engine stands
Crestfallen,deserted,——for now all hands
Are told to the plough,——and ere it is dawn appear
The teams following and crossing far and near,
As hour by hour they broaden the brown bands
Of the striped fields;and behind them firk and prance
The heavy rooks,and daws grey-pated dance:
As awhile,surmounting a crest,in sharp outline
(A miniature of toil,a gem's design,)
They are pictured,horses and men,or now near by
Above the lane they shout lifting the share,
By the trim hedgerow bloom'd with purple air;
Where,under the thorns,dead leaves in huddle lie
Packed by the gales of Autumn,and in and out
The small wrens glide
With a happy note of cheer,
And yellow amorets flutter above and about,
Gay,familiar in fear。
And now,if the night shall be cold,across the sky
Linnets and twites,in small flocks helter-skelter,
All the afternoon to the gardens fly,
From thistle-pastures hurrying to gain the shelter
Of American rhododendron or cherry-laurel:
And here and there,near chilly setting of sun,
In an isolated tree a congregation
Of starling chatter and chide,
Thickset as summer leaves,in garrulous quarrel:
Suddenly they hush as one,——
The tree top springs,——
And off,with a whir of wings,
They fly by the score
To the holly-thicket,and there with myriads more
Dispute for the roosts;and from the unseen nation
A babel of tongues,like running water unceasing,
Makes life the wood,the flocking cries increasing,
Wrangling discordantly,incessantly,
While falls the night on them self-occupied;
Thelong dark night,that lengthens slow,
Deepening with Winter to starve grass and tree,
And soon to bury in snow
The Earth,that,sleepingneath her frozen stole,
Shall dream a dream crept from the sunless pole
Of how her end shall be。
(by Robert Bridges)
!十一月
孤寂的季節,孤寂的大地,此時
一半的鳥兒已飛走,霧霾低垂,紅日
難得見到,又懶得遠離它的床笫;
不受歡迎的短日子一天天過去。
戶外幹草垛旁呆立著收割機
垂頭喪氣,被遺棄了——此刻人手
全都叫去耕地——黎明前夕出現