56.穿著場合對服飾的影響
段落大意：人們在不同的場合穿著不同的衣服。
Clothing also derives meaning from the environment in which it is worn. In most cultures brides and grooms as well as wedding guests wear special clothes to celebrate the marriage. The clothing worn for rituals （儀式） such as weddings, graduations, and funerals tends to be formal and governed by unwritten rules that members of the society agree upon. Clothing may also indicate participation in leisure activities. Certain types of recreation, especially active sports may require specialized clothing. For example, football, soccer, and hockey （曲棍球） players wear matching jerseys （毛織運動衫） and pants designed to accommodate such accessories （配件） as protective pads.
57.不同社會群體的不同著裝
段落大意：不同的社會群體有著不同的著裝文化，他們通過不同的著裝來表明自己隸屬於哪一群體。
Most modern societies comprise different social groups, and each group has its own beliefs and behaviors. As a result, different clothing subcultures exist. Within a single high school, for example, teenagers known as jocks （熱衷體育者） are likely to wear different styles of clothing than teens called nerds （書呆子）. This difference can indicate to which group a teenager belongs.
58.材料對服飾的影響
段落大意：在服飾史上，服飾材料的發展有著重要作用。
The development of new materials used as covering or ornament has played a major role in the history of clothing. In early prehistoric times, the range of materials used for clothing was small. Until about 10,000.years ago, people used animal skins for clothing. Single skins were worn as capes thrown around the shoulders, and two skins fastened together at the shoulder made a simple garment. Fitted clothes, such as trousers or a parka （an outer garment with a hood）, were also made from animal skins. Simple needles made out of animal bones, found in many sites in Europe and Asia, provided evidence of sewn leather and fur garments from at least 30,000.years ago. However, only with the development of textile technology did greater variety become possible.
59.工業革命後服飾的發展
段落大意：工業革命後，快速且廉價生產服飾成為可能。時尚發生了很大的變化。
After the Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the 18th century, it became increasingly possible to produce cloth and clothing quickly and inexpensively. Fashionable clothing styles spread rapidly from the upper classes to the middle and working classes in the West. As communication improved, styles also spread to members of the elite classes in other parts of the world. Mass production of clothing meant that the traditional clothing styles of Africa, Asia, and America were largely replaced by everyday European styles.
60.經濟全球化對服飾的影響
段落大意：隨著各國經濟的迅速全球化，服裝樣式也變得國際化，但不同文化會根據本地價值觀和生活模式對這些服飾做出相應改變。
As national economies grow increasingly international, clothing styles have become correspondingly （相應地） global. Young people in Johannesburg and Jakarta, Boston and Buenos Aires all tend to wear the same kind of clothing. However, different cultures have modified these originally European styles in accordance with local values and lifestyles. In particular, religious beliefs have influenced the clothing that women wear in public. For instance, a woman in Iran may wear blue jeans and a T-shirt at home, but cover them up with an enveloping robe called a chador （方披巾） when she goes outside. In addition, many people enjoy wearing their traditional clothing on holidays and other special occasions for reasons of national or ethnic pride.
61.20世紀時尚的兩大變化
段落大意：20世紀，時尚發生了兩大變化：性別模糊化和休閑運動服飾的流行。
Fashion change includes both short-term fluctuations（波動） in style and longer-term trends. Two trends seen in the 20th century seem likely to continue in the future. The first of these is the blurring of gender boundaries. Fashionable clothing of the 19th century made very sharp distinctions between men’s and women’s clothing in color, shape, fabric, and decoration. Gradually these distinctions broke down, especially when women clothing adopted masculine items. Trousers and tailored suits are two notable examples of men’s styles now worn regularly by both men and women. A second continuing long-term fashion trend is the increasing importance of casual and sports attire in the overall wardrobe of both men and women. Tailored suits as business attire are now rapidly giving way to more casual dress.
62.住房困難問題
段落大意：在美國，窮人和低收入者難以支付購房費用，麵臨住房困難的問題，而工廠建築房屋的發展成為解決這一問題的關鍵。
In the 1990s in many parts of the United States a shortage of affordable housing existed for the poor and for some low- and middle-income families. Homeless people lived in shelters or on streets, especially in the cities, while residential buildings, both private and public, in some crime-ridden neighborhoods were being abandoned. Most inner cities were losing population as suburban areas continued their rapid, sometimes chaotic （混亂的） growth. In all areas housing was developed to meet the needs of the disabled as well as of the elderly. Progress in factory-built housing offered the hope that inexpensive homes could be mass-produced.
63.美國郊區居住的興起
段落大意：美國郊區居住興起於20世紀20年代，中間因經濟大蕭條和“二戰”受阻，但在戰後又得以蓬勃發展。
The growth of suburban housing in the United States began in the 1920s, but was stalled （使陷入泥潭） by the Great Depression of the 1930s and by World War II （1939-1945）. In the postwar era of the 1950s, a tremendous surge occurred in the suburban housing market. Single-family homes on relatively small lots （土地） （often less than one-tenth of an acre） sprang up. During the 1950s, many large “tract”（土地） developments encroached（蠶食） on former farmlands near metropolitan areas. The growth of housing created significant demand for schools and other public services in these locations. By the 1960s, builders were constructing larger homes on larger lots. A new development in the suburbs was the emergence of so-called garden apartments, usually abutting （毗連） commercial districts. Garden apartments are two- to three-story brick and frame structures containing between 5.and 30.housing units per structure. These apartments were popular with young married couples with insufficient capital to purchase their first home.
64.一些國家的住房問題
段落大意：英國和大部分西歐國家麵臨著郊區化趨勢，有一些國家的郊區建築設施落後，人們的住房要求得不到滿足。
Britain and much of Western Europe grappled （鬥爭） with suburbanization（郊區化）and the decentralization（分散） of cities. In the former USSR（前蘇聯） and in Eastern Europe, demand for more private dwelling space has increased. In some countries, housing demand is still largely unmet, as more people move to the overcrowded cities. The shantytown （棚戶區） built by these migrants on the outskirts （近郊） of many cities often have no electricity, running water, or sewage systems.
65.建築的特性
段落大意：建築必須滿足三大條件：可居住性、堅固性及觀賞性。建築記錄著曆史，反映了社會，是一種藝術。
Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius wrote encyclopedically（百科全書式地） about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum （名言）: “Well building hath three conditions: Commodity, Firmness, and Delight.”More prosaically （平凡地）, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic（美學的） meaning. Often, the best buildings are so well-constructed that they outlast（比…經久） their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures. The achievements in architecture testify to the nature of the society that produced them. Nevertheless, these achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.
66.影響建築形式的因素
段落大意：無可避免地，建築形式受技術的影響，但影響建築形式的關鍵因素在於驅趕敵人、持久堅固、驅寒保暖等。
Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative （積累的）. Precast concrete（預製混凝土）, for instance, has not made brick obsolete （成為廢物的）. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated（精密的） and are often directed with computer, this complex apparatus （裝置） relies on preindustrial traditions inherited from the time when most structures were lived in by the people who erected （豎立） them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones—to exclude enemies, to stand long, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin （害蟲）. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.
67.建築的內部功能設施
段落大意：建築必須將內部功能設施考慮在內，內部設施的改進增加了建造成本，同時提高了人們對房屋舒適度及便利性的期望。
Architecture must also take into account the internal functional equipment of modern buildings. In recent decades, elaborate （精細的） systems for vertical （垂直的） transportation, the control of temperature and humidity, ventilation （通風）, artificial lighting, sanitation （下水道設施）, control of fire, and the distribution of electricity and other services have been developed. This has added to the cost of construction and has increased expectations of comfort and convenience.
68.建築多樣性對生活複雜性的反映
段落大意：建築的多樣性反映了現代生活的複雜性，人們在不同的建築裏從事不同的活動。
A proliferation（激增） of building types reflects the complexity of modern life. More people live in mass housing and go to work in large office buildings. They spend their incomes in large shopping centers, send their children to many different kinds of schools, and go to specialized hospitals and clinics when they are sick. They linger （逗留） in airports on the way to distant hotels and resorts.
69.對建築整體質量的關注
段落大意：建築師、居住者們越來越關注建築的整體質量。
The attention of architects and users is more and more focused on the overall qualities manifested （表現） in aggregates （骨料） of buildings. As the total building stock grows, conserving buildings and adapting them for changes in use becomes more important.
70.對建築的欣賞
段落大意：欣賞建築不同於欣賞雕塑或繪畫等，它涉及一些抽象複雜的因素。
The aesthetic response to architecture is complex. It involves abstract qualities. An experience of architectural space is personal and psychological, and it differs from the experience of sculpture or painting because the observer is in it. It is affected by associations the observer may have with the materials used and the way they have been assembled, and by the lighting conditions.
71.建築的結構邏輯
段落大意：建築的幾何形狀和空間構造之間的互相作用等因素都會影響其整體效果，但其中的關鍵因素可能是比例。
Structural logic may or may not have been dramatized （戲劇性地描述）. Elements such as windows and their scale, the interplay （互相作用） of geometrical （幾何的） form and the way space is articulated, affect the observer. Movement through a sequence of spaces has narrative force. No single point of view is adequately descriptive. The recurrence of thematic forms, appearing in varied guises （外觀） and contexts, contributes to unity and creates feelings—relaxation and protection or stimulation and awe. Perhaps the key element is proportion—the relation of various dimensions to one another and their relation to human scale.
72.建築涉及多個行業
段落大意：建築是許多不同分支產業的產物，涉及許多個體和組織。在美國，州法律對建築有一定的規定。
Building construction is the product of a diverse group of sub-industries, with many individuals and organizations involved in the construction of a single structure, from the manufacture of necessary components to final assembly. As a general rule, state laws require a registered architect or engineer, or both, to execute the design and to make sure that the design complies with public health, zoning（建築中的分區製）, and building-code requirements. The design must at the same time conform to the requirements of the owner. The architect or engineer includes these requirements in a set of drawings and written specifications （詳細說明書） that usually are sent to interested general contractors for bids. The successful bidder or bidders in turn subcontract （轉包） plumbing（配管工程）, painting, electrical wiring, structural frame construction and erection, and other jobs with firms specializing in these crafts.
73.建築物的八大元素
段落大意：建築物的八大元素為：地基、結構、外牆、內部隔間、環境控製係統、垂直運送係統、通信係統，以及水電供應係統和垃圾處理係統。
The major elements of a building include the following: First is the foundation, which supports the building and provides stability. Second is the structure, which supports all the imposed loads and transmits（傳輸） them to the foundation. Third is the exterior wall, which may or may not be part of the primary supporting structure. Fourth is the interior partitions （分割）, which also may or may not be part of the primary structure. Fifth is the environmental-control systems, including the heating, ventilating （通風的）, air-conditioning, lighting, and acoustical （聲學的） systems. Sixth is the vertical transportation systems, including elevators, escalators, and stairways. Seventh is the communications, which may include such subsystems as intercommunications, public address, and closed-circuit television （閉路電視）, as well as the more usual telephone-wiring systems. Eighth is the power, water supply, and waste disposal systems.
74.有關基因工程的爭論
段落大意：有人反對基因工程，認為其可能會對生物本身及環境造成不可預見的後果。但一些科學家認為基因滲入不一定會降低生物多樣性。
Some oppose genetic engineering on the grounds that genetic modifications might have unforeseen consequences, both in the initially modified organisms and their environments. For example, certain types of maize （玉米） have been developed that are toxic to plant-eating insects. It has been alleged that when those types of maize cross-pollinated （互相授粉） with other varieties of wild and domestic maize, they would pass on these genes with a putative（假定的） impact on maize biodiversity （生物多樣性）. However, some scientists argue about the impact on biodiversity of the introgression （基因滲入） of transgenes （轉基因） into wild populations. Unless a transgene offers a massive selective advantage in a wild population, a transgene that enters such a population will be maintained at a low gene frequency. In such situations such an introgression actually increases biodiversity rather than lowers it.
75.對轉基因食物的支持 I：適應惡劣環境
段落大意：支持者認為轉基因植物可以適應惡劣的生存環境，改善人類的健康。
Proponents of current genetic techniques maintain that if the techniques are applied to food plants, they can have benefits, for example, in the harsh agricultural conditions of Africa. They say that with modifications, existing crops would be able to thrive （茁壯成長） under the relatively hostile conditions, providing much needed food to their people. Proponents also cite Golden Rice and Golden Rice 2, genetically engineered rice varieties （still under development） that contain elevated vitamin A levels. There is hope that this rice may alleviate vitamin A deficiency that contributes to the death of millions and permanent blindness of 500,000.annually.
76.對轉基因食物的支持 II：與現存食物沒有本質區別
段落大意：支持者認為，轉基因作物與自然界現存的作物或被人為改進過的作物並沒有本質區別。
Proponents say that genetically-engineered crops are not significantly different from those modified by nature or humans in the past, and are as safe as or even safer than such methods. There is gene transfer between unicellular （單細胞的） eukaryotes （真核生物） and prokaryotes（原核生物）. There have been no known genetic catastrophes as a result of this. They argue that animal husbandry （家畜養殖） and crop breeding are also forms of genetic engineering that use artificial selection instead of modern genetic modification techniques. It is politics, they argue, not economics or science, that causes their work to be closely investigated.
77.對轉基因食物的支持 III：自然界也存在基因轉移
段落大意：支持者以小麥為例，指出自然界也曾存在基因轉移。
Proponents also note that species or general barriers have been crossed in nature in the past. An oft-cited example is today’s modern red wheat variety, which is the result of two natural crossings made long ago. It is made up of three groups of seven chromosomes（染色體）. Each of those three groups came from a different wild wheat grass. First, a cross between two of the grasses occurred, creating the durum wheat（硬質小麥）, which were the commercial grains of the first civilizations up through the Roman Republic. Then a cross occurred between that 14-chromosome durum wheat and another wild grass to create what became modern red wheat at the time of the Roman Empire.
78.對基因工程的支持與反對
段落大意：基因工程的反對者認為，轉基因作物的日益流行導致生物技術公司握有更多的權力；支持者認為基因工程可以減少殺蟲劑的使用，提高產量，對抗自然災害等。
Some opponents of current genetic engineering believe the increasing use of GM（genetically modified） in major crops has caused a power shift in agriculture towards biotechnology companies, which are gaining more control over the production chain of crops and food, and over the farmers that use their products as well.
Many proponents of current genetic engineering techniques believe it will lower pesticide usage and bring higher yields （產量） and profitability to many farmers, including those in developing nations. Genetic engineering licenses can allow farmers in less developed countries to save seeds for next year’s planting. In August 2002, Zambia cut off the flow of genetically modified food （mostly maize） from UN’s World Food Program, which left a famine-stricken population without food aid. In December 2005.the Zambian government changed its mind in the face of further famine and allowed the importation of GM maize.
However, the Zambian Minister for Agriculture Mundia Sikatana has insisted that the ban on genetically modified maize remains, saying “We do not want GM foods and our hope is that all of us can continue to produce non-GM foods.”In January 2005, the Hungarian government announced a ban on importing and planting of genetic modified maize seeds, although these were agreed and authorized by the EU. In August 18, 2006, American exports of rice to Europe were interrupted when much of the US crop was confirmed to be contaminated （汙染） with unapproved engineered genes, possibly due to accidental cross-pollination （異花授粉） with conventional crops. The US government has since declared the rice safe for human consumption, and exports to some countries have since resumed.
79.快餐的危害
段落大意：快餐中的反式脂肪和高熱量是人體健康的兩大威脅。
Trans-fats （反式脂肪） which are commonly found in fast food have been shown in many tests to have a negative health effect on the body. A recent study fed monkeys a diet consisting of a similar level of trans-fats as what a person who ate fast food regularly would consume. Diets for comparing monkey groups contained the same overall number of calories. It was found that the monkeys who consumed higher level of trans-fat developed more abdominal fat than those fed a diet rich in unsaturated fats （不飽和脂肪）. They also developed signs of insulin（胰島素） resistance, which is an early indicator of diabetes. After six years on the diet, the trans-fat fed monkeys had gained 7.2% of their body weight, compared to just 1.8% in the unsaturated fat group. Excessive calories are another issue with fast food. A regular but not overly filling meal at Macdonald’s of a Big Mac, large fries, and a McFlurry drink amounts to 1,790.calories. A diet of approximately 2,000.calories is considered a healthy amount of calories for an entire day.
80.慢食運動
段落大意：對快餐連鎖店的批評促使慢食運動的興起，這一運動提倡保護地方烹調法和烹飪原料。
Fast-food chains have been criticized by consumer groups such as the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a longtime fast-food critic over the past decade. Some of the concerns have led to the rise of the Slow Food movement. This movement seeks to preserve local cuisines （烹調法） and ingredients, and directly opposes laws and habits that favor fast-food choices. Among other things, it strives to educate consumers to prefer what it considers healthier:more varied and more nourishing tastes of fresh local ingredients harvested in season.